3210145
FIEFCNDF
items
1
chicago-author-date
0
date
asc
year
1
23
https://bergelsonlab.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-9c2ac126d4a31e692df35e5de19ed1ad%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A100%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%2267BKQX9B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Waage%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221985-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWaage%2C%20Jonathan%20K.%2C%20and%20Joy%20M.%20Bergelson.%201985.%20%26%23x201C%3BDifferential%20Use%20of%20Pin%20and%20Black%20Cherry%20by%20the%20Eastern%20Tent%20Caterpillar%20Malacosoma%20Americanum%20Fab.%20%28Lepidoptera%3A%20Lasiocampidae%29.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Midland%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20113%20%281%29%3A%2045%26%23x2013%3B55.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2425346%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2425346%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D67BKQX9B%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Differential%20Use%20of%20Pin%20and%20Black%20Cherry%20by%20the%20Eastern%20Tent%20Caterpillar%20Malacosoma%20americanum%20Fab.%20%28Lepidoptera%3A%20Lasiocampidae%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waage%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Pin%20and%20black%20cherry%20%28Prunus%20pennsylvanica%20and%20P%20serotina%29%20occur%20frequently%20in%20the%20northeastern%20U.S.%20in%20single%20and%20mixed%20species%20stands.%20However%2C%20the%20eastern%20tent%20caterpillar%20%28Malacosoma%20americanum%29%20is%20only%20rarely%20found%20on%20pin%20cherry.%20For%20example%2C%20in%20several%20infested%2C%20mixed-species%20stands%20in%20New%20England%2C%203%20-96%25%20%28mean%20%3D%2058.4%25%29%20of%20black%20therry%20trees%20examined%20had%20one%20or%20more%20egg%20masses%20of%20the%20eastern%20tent%20caterpillar%20on%20them.%20Only%200-7%25%20%28mean%20%3D%202.3%25%29%20of%20pin%20cherry%20trees%20in%20the%20same%20stands%20had%20egg%20masses%20on%20them.%20Field%20transplant%20studies%20of%20larvae%20revealed%20that%20although%20they%20were%20able%20to%20survive%20and%20grow%20on%20pin%20cherry%2C%20larvae%20grew%20more%20slowly%20and%20reached%20a%20smaller%20late%20instar%20size%20than%20those%20growing%20on%20black%20cherry%20in%20the%20same%20stands.%20Greenhouse%20growth%20experiments%20showed%20that%20Malacosoma%20americanum%20could%20reach%20the%20adult%20stage%20on%20pin%20cherry%2C%20but%20they%20were%20smaller%20than%20siblings%20grown%20on%20black%20cherry.%20Siblings%20raised%20on%20pin%20cherry%20also%20grew%20slower.%20This%20growth%20rate%20difference%20was%20greatest%20early%20in%20the%20larval%20stage%2C%20suggesting%20the%20influence%20of%20chemical%20or%20physical%20differences%20in%20young%20pin%20and%20black%20cherry%20leaves.%20Larval%20choice%20experiments%20in%20the%20greenhouse%20revealed%20that%20larvae%20%283rd%20instar%29%20actively%20chose%20black%20cherry%20over%20pin%20cherry%20even%20when%20raised%20on%20pin%20cherry.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20lack%20of%20use%20of%20pin%20cherry%20by%20eastern%20tent%20caterpillars%20reflects%20its%20poor%20quality%20as%20a%20host%20plant%20relative%20to%20black%20cherry.%20However%2C%20the%20contact%20between%20this%20species%20and%20pin%20cherry%20may%20be%20historically%20recent%20and%20Malacosoma%20americanum%20may%20still%20be%20evolving%20toward%20use%20of%20pin%20cherry%20as%20a%20host%20plant.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%201985%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2425346%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0031%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2425346%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2289QCHMBA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221985-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%20M.%201985.%20%26%23x201C%3BA%20Mechanistic%20Interpretation%20of%20Prey%20Selection%20by%20Anax%20Junius%20Larvae%20%28Odonata%3A%20Aeschnidae%29.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2066%20%286%29%3A%201699%26%23x2013%3B1705.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2F%3Ca%20href%3D%27doi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2937365%27%3Edoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2937365%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D89QCHMBA%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Mechanistic%20Interpretation%20of%20Prey%20Selection%20by%20Anax%20junius%20Larvae%20%28Odonata%3A%20Aeschnidae%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Preferential%20orientation%2C%20pursuit%2C%20and%20capture%20by%20a%20predator%20have%20been%20proposed%20for%20the%20establishment%20of%20prey%20preference%20and%20prey%20switching%3B%20however%2C%20very%20little%20is%20known%20about%20which%20of%20these%20behaviors%20is%20actually%20involved%20in%20active%20prey%20selection.%20Based%20on%20laboratory%20arena%20experiments%20in%20which%20the%20proportions%20of%20two%20prey%20types%20were%20manipulated%2C%20I%20distinguished%20the%20specific%20foraging%20process%20underlying%20prey%20preference%20and%20prey%20switching%20in%20nymphs%20of%20the%20dragonfly%20Anax%20junius.%20Dragonfly%20nymphs%20showed%20a%20higher%20probability%20of%20pursuing%20the%20more%20abundant%20of%20two%20prey%20types%20than%20predicted%20from%20relative%20prey%20frequencies.%20An%20increase%20pursuit%20probability%20was%20correlated%20with%20an%20increased%20capture%20success%20on%20the%20abundant%20prey%20type.%20I%20hypothesize%20that%20prey%20selection%20in%20Anax%20junius%20nymphs%20results%20from%20a%20simple%20behavioral%20rule%20of%20thumb%3B%20Continue%20to%20pursue%20only%20those%20prey%20types%20you%20have%20successfully%20captured%20in%20the%20immediate%20past.%5C%22%20See%20full-text%20article%20at%20JSTOR%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201985%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2937365%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22doi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2937365%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T17%3A09%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SJ5NTVZS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221986-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%20M.%2C%20John%20H.%20Willis%2C%20and%20Philip%20E.%20Robakiewicz.%201986.%20%26%23x201C%3BVariance%20in%20Search%20Time%3A%20Do%20Groups%20Always%20Reduce%20Risk%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAnimal%20Behaviour%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2034%2C%20Part%201%20%28February%29%3A%20289%26%23x2013%3B291.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0003-3472%2886%2990036-9%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0003-3472%2886%2990036-9%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DSJ5NTVZS%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Variance%20in%20search%20time%3A%20Do%20groups%20always%20reduce%20risk%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robakiewicz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201986%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0003-3472%2886%2990036-9%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-3472%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2F0003347286900369%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223B3QW2XP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221986-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20Simon%20Fowler%2C%20and%20Susan%20Hartley.%201986.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Effects%20of%20Foliage%20Damage%20on%20Casebearing%20Moth%20Larvae%2C%20Coleophora%20Serratella%2C%20Feeding%20on%20Birch.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcological%20Entomology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2011%20%283%29%3A%20241%26%23x2013%3B250.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2311.1986.tb00300.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2311.1986.tb00300.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3B3QW2XP%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20effects%20of%20foliage%20damage%20on%20casebearing%20moth%20larvae%2C%20Coleophora%20serratella%2C%20feeding%20on%20birch%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fowler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hartley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ABSTRACT.%20%2A%201Mechanical%20damage%20to%20birch%20%28Betula%20pendula%20Roth%29%20leaves%20leads%20to%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20concentration%20of%20phenolic%20compounds%2C%20which%20spreads%20throughout%20the%20leaf%20within%208%20days.%20%2A%202Coleophora%20serratella%20L.%20%28Lepidoptera%3A%20Coleophoridae%29%20apparently%20responds%20to%20this%20chemical%20change%20over%20a%20similar%20time%20scale.%20Within%2024%20h%20of%20pin-pricking%20leaves%20the%20casebearer%20moves%20from%20the%20immediate%20vicinity%20of%20the%20damage%2C%20but%20is%20just%20as%20likely%20to%20move%20to%20an%20undamaged%20portion%20of%20the%20damaged%20leaf%20as%20to%20vacate%20the%20leaf%20entirely.%20After%208%20days%20mines%20on%20undamaged%20portions%20of%20damaged%20leaves%20were%20significantly%20smaller%20than%20mines%20on%20undamaged%20leaves.%20%2A%203Furthermore%2C%20Coleophora%20serratella%20reared%20on%20damaged%20trees%20took%20an%20average%20of%203%20days%20longer%20to%20develop%20than%20those%20reared%20on%20undamaged%20trees.%20%2A%204It%20has%20been%20suggested%20that%20increased%20movement%20in%20response%20to%20damage-induced%20chemical%20changes%20causes%20hyperdispersed%20damage%20on%20plant%20foliage.%20Both%20within%20and%20between-leaf%20casebearer%20damage%20patterns%20were%20shown%20to%20be%20aggregated%20on%20birch.%20%2A%205Thus%20although%20mechanical%20damage%20can%20induce%20chemical%20and%20behavioural%20changes%20in%20the%20field%2C%20these%20are%20not%20reflected%20in%20the%20observed%20damaged%20patterns.%20We%20speculate%20on%20several%20possible%20reasons%20for%20this.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22August%201986%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2311.1986.tb00300.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221365-2311%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2311.1986.tb00300.x%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F7JV62RP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Kareiva%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221987-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20J.%2C%20and%20P.%20Kareiva.%201987.%20%26%23x201C%3BBarriers%20to%20Movement%20and%20the%20Response%20of%20Herbivores%20to%20Alternative%20Cropping%20Patterns.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EOecologia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2071%20%283%29%3A%20457%26%23x2013%3B460.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00378721%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00378721%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DF7JV62RP%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Barriers%20to%20movement%20and%20the%20response%20of%20herbivores%20to%20alternative%20cropping%20patterns%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kareiva%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Does%20the%20response%20of%20insect%20herbivores%20to%20the%20spatial%20dispersion%20of%20their%20food%20plants%20depend%20on%20whether%20alternative%20dispersions%20are%20available%3F%20To%20answer%20this%20question%2C%20four%20quartets%20of%20collard%20plots%20%28Brassicae%20oleracae%29%20were%20planted.%20Quartets%20contained%20two%20pairs%20of%20plots%20representing%20alternative%20planting%20designs.%20In%20one%20pair%20the%20alternatives%20were%20separated%20from%20one%20and%20other%20by%20a%20curtain%20barrier%20that%20effectively%20prevented%20plot%20to%20plot%20movement%20by%20the%20flea%20beetle%2C%20Phyllotreta%20cruciferae.%20The%20boundary%20between%20the%20other%20pair%20of%20alternatives%20was%20without%20barriers%2C%20and%20the%20beetles%20could%20range%20freely%20between%20these%20two%20plots.%20We%20hypothesized%20that%20the%20presence%20of%20a%20choice%20%28i.e.%20the%20absence%20of%20a%20barrier%29%20would%20exaggerate%20any%20differences%20in%20beetle%20numbers%20between%20the%20alternative%20plant%20arrangements.%20Beetles%20were%20given%20%5Cu201cchoices%5Cu201d%20between%20two%20kinds%20of%20alternatives.%20In%20two%20quartets%2C%20the%20alternatives%20were%20high%20density%20collard%20monocultures%20versus%20low%20density%20collard%20monocultures.%20In%20the%20other%20two%20quartets%2C%20the%20alternatives%20were%20collard%20monocultures%20versus%20collard-potato%20discultures.%20In%20each%20quartet%2C%20the%20abundances%20of%20P.%20cruciferae%20were%20censused%20weekly%20for%20three%20weeks.%20As%20we%20hypothesized%2C%20the%20influence%20of%20cropping%20pattern%20%28both%20diversity%20and%20density%29%20was%20less%20where%20there%20was%20a%20barrier%20between%20cropping%20alternatives%20than%20where%20there%20was%20no%20barrier%20between%20the%20same%20alternatives.%20This%20suggests%20that%20nonrandom%20foraging%20movement%2C%20or%20%5Cu201cpatch%20choice%5Cu201d%2C%20explains%20the%20response%20of%20Phyllotreta%20to%20cropping%20treatments.%20The%20consequence%20of%20this%20mechanism%20for%20interpreting%20the%20results%20of%20insect-host%20experiments%20are%20substantial%3B%20experimental%20designs%20allowing%20insects%20to%20move%20and%20accumulate%20in%20a%20preferred%20treatment%20may%20have%20different%20results%20from%20the%20same%20treatments%20in%20isolation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201987%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2FBF00378721%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220029-8549%2C%201432-1939%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00378721%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NNQVWM4P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Crawley%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221988%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%20M.%2C%20and%20MJ%20Crawley.%201988.%20%26%23x201C%3BSpecies%20Diversity%20and%20Mycorrhizal%20Associations.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20334%3A%20202.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DNNQVWM4P%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Species%20diversity%20and%20mycorrhizal%20associations.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22MJ%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crawley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221988%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HT3N2A3P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Lawton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221988-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%20M.%2C%20and%20John%20H.%20Lawton.%201988.%20%26%23x201C%3BDoes%20Foliage%20Damage%20Influence%20Predation%20on%20the%20Insect%20Herbivores%20of%20Birch%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2069%20%282%29%3A%20434%26%23x2013%3B445.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1940442%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1940442%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DHT3N2A3P%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Does%20Foliage%20Damage%20Influence%20Predation%20on%20the%20Insect%20Herbivores%20of%20Birch%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lawton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Damage%20caused%20by%20insect%20herbivores%20to%20their%20host%20plants%20may%20influence%20the%20interaction%20between%20herbivores%20and%20their%20natural%20enemies%20in%20several%20ways.%20Two%20important%20possibilities%20are%20by%20providing%20cues%20that%20attract%20predators%20and%20by%20forcing%20herbivores%20to%20move%2C%20which%20in%20turn%20increases%20their%20chances%20of%20encountering%20a%20predator.%20To%20explore%20these%20possibilities%20we%20experimentally%20investigated%20the%20relationship%20between%20the%20presence%20of%20damage%20and%20the%20rates%20of%20predation%20on%20two%20insect%20herbivores%20of%20birch%2C%20Betula%20pendula.%20Although%20both%20Coleophora%20serratella%20%28Lepidoptera%3A%20Coleophoridae%29%20and%20Apocheima%20pilosaria%20%28Lepidoptera%3A%20Geometidae%29%20suffered%20significant%20effects%20of%20predation%2C%20there%20was%20no%20interaction%20between%20the%20presence%20of%20foilage%20damage%20and%20predation%20rates%20on%20either%20of%20these%20birch%20herbivores.%20To%20understand%20these%20negative%20results%20better%2C%20we%20examined%20the%20movement%20behavior%20of%20the%20herbivores%20and%20foraging%20behavior%20of%20the%20predators.%20The%20presence%20of%20foliage%20damage%20did%20not%20markedly%20increase%20movement%20by%20either%20of%20the%20herbivores%3B%20Apocheima%20showed%20no%20response%20to%20foliage%20quality%2C%20while%20Coleophora%20moved%20only%20from%20the%20immediate%20vicinity%20of%20damage.%20When%20experimentally%20forced%20to%20move%20more%2C%20Apocheima%20were%20indeed%20more%20vulnerable%20to%20predation%20by%20wood%20ants%3B%20but%20surprisingly%2C%20Great%20Tits%20were%20not%20sensitive%20to%20increase%20movement%20of%20Apocheima%20prey.%20A%20simple%20population%20model%20indicates%20that%20the%20effect%20of%20foliage%20damage%20on%20herbivore%20movement%20is%20unlikely%20to%20be%20substantial%20enough%20to%20markedly%20change%20predation%20intensity.%20Overall%2C%20we%20find%20little%20support%20for%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20foilage%20damage%20increases%20herbivore%20movement%20sufficiently%20to%20alter%20predator-imposed%20mortality%20of%20birch%20herbivores.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%201988%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F1940442%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F1940442%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228GZ3JS9I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Crawley%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%20M.%2C%20and%20MJ%20Crawley.%201989.%20%26%23x201C%3BCan%20We%20Expect%20Mathematical%20Models%20to%20Guide%20Biological%20Control%20Programs%3F%3A%20A%20Comment%20Based%20on%20Case%20Studies%20of%20Weed%20Control.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EComments%20on%20Theoretical%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%201%3A%20197%26%23x2013%3B213.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D8GZ3JS9I%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Can%20we%20expect%20mathematical%20models%20to%20guide%20biological%20control%20programs%3F%3A%20a%20comment%20based%20on%20case%20studies%20of%20weed%20control.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22MJ%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crawley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P2TXQMJX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Perry%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20and%20Renee%20Perry.%201989.%20%26%23x201C%3BInterspecific%20Competition%20Between%20Seeds%3A%20Relative%20Planting%20Date%20and%20Density%20Affect%20Seedling%20Emergence.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2070%20%286%29%3A%201639.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1938097%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1938097%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DP2TXQMJX%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interspecific%20Competition%20Between%20Seeds%3A%20Relative%20Planting%20Date%20and%20Density%20Affect%20Seedling%20Emergence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Renee%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F1938097%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A48%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225IMP4WV7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mitchell-Olds%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221990-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMitchell-Olds%2C%20T.%2C%20and%20J.%20Bergelson.%201990.%20%26%23x201C%3BStatistical%20Genetics%20of%20an%20Annual%20Plant%2C%20Impatiens%20Capensis.%20II.%20Natural%20Selection.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenetics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20124%20%282%29%3A%20416%26%23x2013%3B421.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D5IMP4WV7%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Statistical%20genetics%20of%20an%20annual%20plant%2C%20Impatiens%20capensis.%20II.%20Natural%20selection%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell-Olds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Measurement%20of%20natural%20selection%20on%20correlated%20characters%20provides%20valuable%20information%20on%20fitness%20surfaces%2C%20patterns%20of%20directional%2C%20stabilizing%2C%20or%20disruptive%20selection%2C%20mechanisms%20of%20fitness%20variation%20operating%20in%20nature%2C%20and%20possible%20spatial%20variation%20in%20selective%20pressures.%20We%20examined%20effects%20of%20seed%20weight%2C%20germination%20date%2C%20plant%20size%2C%20early%20growth%2C%20and%20late%20growth%20on%20individual%20fitness.%20Path%20analysis%20showed%20that%20most%20characters%20had%20direct%20or%20indirect%20effects%20on%20individual%20fitness%2C%20indicating%20directional%20selection.%20For%20most%20early%20life-cycle%20characters%2C%20indirect%20effects%20via%20later%20characters%20exceed%20the%20direct%20causal%20effect%20on%20fitness.%20Selection%20gradients%20were%20uniform%20across%20the%20experimental%20site.%20There%20was%20no%20evidence%20for%20stabilizing%20or%20disruptive%20selection.%20We%20discuss%20several%20definitions%20of%20stabilizing%20and%20disruptive%20selection.%20Although%20early%20events%20in%20the%20life%20of%20an%20individual%20have%20important%20causal%20effects%20on%20subsequent%20characters%20and%20fitness%2C%20there%20is%20no%20detectable%20genetic%20variance%20for%20most%20of%20these%20characters%2C%20so%20little%20or%20no%20genetic%20response%20to%20natural%20selection%20is%20expected.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201990%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-6731%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CX57KGXE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mitchell-Olds%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221990-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMitchell-Olds%2C%20T.%2C%20and%20J.%20Bergelson.%201990.%20%26%23x201C%3BStatistical%20Genetics%20of%20an%20Annual%20Plant%2C%20Impatiens%20Capensis.%20I.%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Quantitative%20Variation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenetics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20124%20%282%29%3A%20407%26%23x2013%3B415.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.genetics.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F124%5C%2F2%5C%2F407%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.genetics.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F124%5C%2F2%5C%2F407%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DCX57KGXE%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Statistical%20Genetics%20of%20an%20Annual%20Plant%2C%20Impatiens%20Capensis.%20I.%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Quantitative%20Variation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell-Olds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Analysis%20of%20quantitative%20genetics%20in%20natural%20populations%20has%20been%20hindered%20by%20computational%20and%20methodological%20problems%20in%20statistical%20analysis.%20We%20developed%20and%20validated%20a%20jackknife%20procedure%20to%20test%20for%20existence%20of%20broad%20sense%20heritabilities%20and%20dominance%20or%20maternal%20effects%20influencing%20quantitative%20characters%20in%20Impatiens%20capensis.%20Early%20life%20cycle%20characters%20showed%20evidence%20of%20dominance%20and%5C%2For%20maternal%20effects%2C%20while%20later%20characters%20exhibited%20predominantly%20environmental%20variation.%20Monte%20Carlo%20simulations%20demonstrate%20that%20these%20jackknife%20tests%20of%20variance%20components%20are%20extremely%20robust%20to%20heterogeneous%20error%20variances.%20Statistical%20methods%20from%20human%20genetics%20provide%20evidence%20for%20either%20a%20major%20locus%20influencing%20germination%20date%2C%20or%20genes%20that%20affect%20phenotypic%20variability%20per%20se.%20We%20urge%20explicit%20consideration%20of%20statistical%20behavior%20of%20estimation%20and%20testing%20procedures%20for%20proper%20biological%20interpretation%20of%20statistical%20results.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201990%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-6731%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.genetics.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F124%5C%2F2%5C%2F407%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T17%3A32%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CHBRHINM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221990-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201990.%20%26%23x201C%3BLife%20After%20Death%3A%20Site%20Pre-Emption%20by%20the%20Remains%20of%20Poa%20Annua.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2071%20%286%29%3A%202157%26%23x2013%3B2165.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1938629%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1938629%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DCHBRHINM%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Life%20After%20Death%3A%20Site%20Pre-Emption%20by%20the%20Remains%20of%20Poa%20Annua%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20spatial%20pattern%20of%20plants%20in%20one%20generation%20may%20alter%20the%20competitive%20interactions%20between%20plants%20in%20two%20ways%3A%20%281%29%20it%20may%20affect%20the%20survival%20or%20fecundity%20of%20competing%20individuals%20in%20that%20generation%2C%20or%20%282%29%20it%20may%20influence%20the%20success%20of%20seedlings%20in%20the%20following%20generation.%20I%20performed%20field%20experiments%2C%20spanning%20two%20generations%2C%20that%20allowed%20me%20to%20measure%20how%20the%20spatial%20pattern%20of%20the%20grass%20Poa%20annua%20influences%20the%20performance%20of%20two%20species%20of%20dicotyledonous%20annual%20weeds%20%28Capsella%20bursa-pastoris%20and%20Senecio%20vulgaris%29.%20Randomly%20distributed%20weeds%20were%20introduced%20into%20plots%20with%20either%20a%20random%20or%20a%20patchy%20distribution%20of%20Poa.%20I%20found%20that%20seedling%20numbers%20in%20the%20following%20generation%20were%20four%20to%20six%20times%20as%20high%20for%20Capsella%20and%20Senecio%20when%20Poa%20was%20patchily%20rather%20than%20randomly%20distributed.%20This%20was%20not%20due%20to%20differences%20in%20the%20fecundity%20and%20survival%20of%20first-generation%20Capsella%20and%20Senecio%20between%20the%20two%20Poa%20distributions.%20Instead%2C%20the%20improved%20success%20of%20the%20subsequent%20generation%20in%20the%20patchy%20distributions%20was%20due%20to%20increased%20emergence%20or%20survival%20of%20seedlings%20in%20areas%20with%20a%20low%20density%20of%20dead%20Poa%20adults.%20In%20a%20second%20experiment%20to%20investigate%20why%20seedling%20survival%20increased%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20dead%20Poa%2C%20I%20found%20that%20interference%20by%20dead%20grass%20blades%20was%20responsible%20for%20high%20seedling%20mortality.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201990%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F1938629%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F1938629%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QMIPQSTN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221990-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201990.%20%26%23x201C%3BSpatial%20Patterning%20in%20Plants%3A%20Opposing%20Effects%20of%20Herbivory%20and%20Competition.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2078%20%284%29%3A%20937%26%23x2013%3B948.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2260944%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2260944%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DQMIPQSTN%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Spatial%20Patterning%20in%20Plants%3A%20Opposing%20Effects%20of%20Herbivory%20and%20Competition%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%281%29%20A%20field%20experiment%20was%20conducted%20to%20determine%20how%20the%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20Poa%20annua%20influenced%20the%20ability%20of%20Senecio%20vulgaris%20to%20establish%20in%20experimental%20plots.%20The%20relative%20effects%20of%20slug%20herbivores%2C%20dead%20individuals%20of%20Poa%20annua%20and%20live%20individuals%20of%20Poa%20annua%20on%20Senecio%20establishment%20were%20also%20investigated.%20%282%29%20Senecio%20exhibited%20a%20higher%20rate%20of%20population%20growth%20when%20planted%20amidst%20clumped%20Poa%20than%20when%20planted%20amidst%20a%20random%20distribution%20of%20Poa.%20This%20change%20in%20population%20growth%20is%20due%20to%20increased%20survival%20of%20Senecio%20Seedlings%20which%20emerge%20in%20areas%20having%20a%20low%20density%20of%20dead%20Poa.%20%283%29%20The%20advantage%20associated%20with%20a%20clumped%20distribution%20of%20Poa%20was%20opposed%20by%20two%20other%20consequences%20of%20spatial%20distribution%3A%20herbivores%20consumed%20more%20Senecio%20seedlings%2C%20and%20intraspecific%20competition%20among%20Senecio%20seedlings%20was%20greater%2C%20where%20the%20grass%20was%20clumped%20than%20where%20it%20was%20randomly%20distributed.%20%284%29%20Despite%20a%20number%20of%20direct%20effects%2C%20higher-order%20interactions%20and%20indirect%20effects%2C%20the%20net%20result%20of%20spatial%20patchiness%20is%20easily%20understood%20in%20this%20system%20because%20seedling%20suppression%20by%20dead%20Poa%20has%20overriding%20importance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201990%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2260944%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0477%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2260944%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227U8UN3QD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221991-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201991.%20%26%23x201C%3BCompetition%20between%20Plants%2C%20before%20and%20after%20Death.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ETrends%20in%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%206%20%2812%29%3A%20378%26%23x2013%3B379.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0169-5347%2891%2990155-Q%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0169-5347%2891%2990155-Q%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D7U8UN3QD%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Competition%20between%20plants%2C%20before%20and%20after%20death%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%201991%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0169-5347%2891%2990155-Q%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-5347%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cell.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F016953479190155Q%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2298ECXM58%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Crawley%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221992-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20and%20Michael%20J.%20Crawley.%201992.%20%26%23x201C%3BHerbivory%20and%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata%3A%20The%20Disadvantages%20of%20Being%20Eaten.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EThe%20American%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20139%20%284%29%3A%20870%26%23x2013%3B882.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2462626%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2462626%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D98ECXM58%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Herbivory%20and%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata%3A%20The%20Disadvantages%20of%20Being%20Eaten%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crawley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%201992%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2462626%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NT36UC7Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Crawley%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221992-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20and%20Michael%20J.%20Crawley.%201992.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Effects%20of%20Grazers%20on%20the%20Performance%20of%20Individuals%20and%20Populations%20of%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EOecologia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2090%20%283%29%3A%20435%26%23x2013%3B444.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00317703%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00317703%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DNT36UC7Q%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20effects%20of%20grazers%20on%20the%20performance%20of%20individuals%20and%20populations%20of%20scarlet%20gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crawley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22I.%20aggregata%20exhibits%20considerable%20powers%20of%20regrowth%20following%20removal%20of%20its%20primary%20shoot%20by%20herbivores%2C%20but%20we%20found%20no%20evidence%20of%20overcompensation%20%28i.e.%20of%20significantly%20higher%20plant%20performance%20where%20plants%20were%20exposed%20to%20ungulate%20herbivory%29%20in%20a%20comparison%20between%20individuals%20on%20grazed%20and%20ungrazed%20sides%20of%20exclosure%20fences%2C%20in%20a%20comparison%20between%20artificially%20clipped%20and%20control%20plants%20in%20one%20population%20in%20the%20Okanagan%20National%20Forest%2C%20or%20in%20comparisons%20between%20grazed%20and%20ungrazed%20plants%20in%2014%20natural%20populations.%20We%20tested%20whether%20ungulate%20grazing%20affects%20the%20population%20size%20of%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata%20by%20comparing%20populations%20inside%20and%20outside%20deer%20exclosures%20at%207%20sites%20in%20the%20Western%20United%20States.%20We%20found%20consistent%2C%20highly%20significant%20differences%20in%20plant%20population%20density%20on%20the%20grazed%20and%20ungrazed%20sides%20of%20these%20exlosure%20fences.%20Plant%20density%20was%20a%20modal%2025-fold%20higher%20on%20the%20protected%20side%20of%20the%20fence%2C%20suggesting%20that%20exposure%20to%20ungulate%20grazing%20increases%20plant%20death%20rates%20at%20some%20stage%20in%20the%20life%20cycle.%20Our%20results%20show%20that%20the%20presence%20of%20ungulate%20grazers%20leads%20to%20a%20substantial%20decrease%20in%20plant%20density%20despite%20the%20fact%20that%20grazing%20on%20young%20bolting%20shoots%20has%20very%20little%20influence%20on%20fruit%20production.%20Since%20this%20decrease%20in%20population%20density%20is%20not%20correlated%20with%20a%20decrease%20in%20the%20fecundity%20of%20individuals%2C%20it%20must%20instead%20be%20due%20to%20other%20direct%20and%20indirect%20effects%20of%20ungulate%20grazers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%201992%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2FBF00317703%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220029-8549%2C%201432-1939%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00317703%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MWT4GVWV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20Jonathan%20A.%20Newman%2C%20and%20Ernesto%20M.%20Floresroux.%201993.%20%26%23x201C%3BRates%20of%20Weed%20Spread%20in%20Spatially%20Heterogeneous%20Environments.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2074%20%284%29%3A%20999%26%23x2013%3B1011.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1940470%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1940470%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DMWT4GVWV%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rates%20of%20Weed%20Spread%20in%20Spatially%20Heterogeneous%20Environments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ernesto%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Floresroux%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Communities%20subject%20to%20disturbance%20are%20apparently%20vulnerable%20to%20invasion%20in%20that%20they%20contain%20a%20large%20fraction%20of%20the%20introduced%20plant%20species%20persisting%20in%20any%20given%20area.%20Still%2C%20ecologists%20have%20a%20poor%20understanding%20of%20how%20details%20of%20the%20disturbance%20regime%20influence%20the%20success%20with%20which%20invaders%20spread%20through%20a%20community.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20report%20results%20from%20an%20experiment%20that%20investigates%20how%20the%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20bare%20ground%20influences%20the%20rate%20at%20which%20offspring%20of%20an%20introduced%20invader%20spread%20through%20a%20perennial%20ryegrass%20community.%20Artificially%20created%20gaps%20of%20three%20sizes%20were%20positioned%20along%20linear%20transects%20according%20to%20one%20of%20two%20spatial%20distributions.%20These%20size%20transects%20%28one%20for%20each%20treatment%20combination%29%20were%20positioned%20as%20spokes%20on%20a%20wheel%20and%20Senecio%20vulgaris%20was%20introduced%20into%20the%20center.%20After%20controlling%20for%20the%20total%20amount%20of%20gap%20area%2C%20we%20monitored%20the%20number%20and%20position%20of%20Senecio%20vulgaris%20establishing%20for%20two%20subsequent%20generations.%20Our%20results%20showed%20that%20the%20rate%20of%20spread%20of%20Senecio%20vulgaris%20was%20sensitive%20to%20both%20the%20gap%20size%20and%20the%20gap%20distribution%3B%20plants%20moved%20a%20greater%20distance%20when%20the%20gaps%20were%20large%20and%20underdispersed.%20Simulation%20models%20confirm%20that%20this%20pattern%20follows%20from%20the%20way%20in%20which%20gaps%20sample%20from%20seed%20shadows.%20We%20derive%20an%20analytical%20expression%20to%20explain%20why%20the%20mean%20seed%20dispersal%20distance%20does%20not%20predict%20the%20spread%20of%20Senecio%20vulgaris%20adults%2C%20and%20show%20how%20rates%20of%20spatial%20spread%20will%20change%20under%20different%20spatial%20patterns%20of%20disturbance.%20Finally%2C%20a%20model%20of%20spatial%20point%20processes%20confirms%20that%20the%20distribution%20of%20gaps%20mediates%20the%20rate%20of%20weed%20spread%20in%20two%20dimensions%20as%20well.%20See%20full-text%20article%20at%20JSTOR%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%201993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F1940470%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.esajournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1940470%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JBST36SC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kitching%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKitching%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20J.%20M.%20Bergelson%2C%20M.%20D.%20Lowman%2C%20S.%20Mcintyre%2C%20and%20G.%20Carruthers.%201993.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Biodiversity%20of%20Arthropods%20from%20Australian%20Rainforest%20Canopies%3A%20General%20Introduction%2C%20Methods%2C%20Sites%20and%20Ordinal%20Results.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAustralian%20Journal%20of%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2018%20%282%29%3A%20181%26%23x2013%3B191.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.1993.tb00442.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.1993.tb00442.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DJBST36SC%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20biodiversity%20of%20arthropods%20from%20Australian%20rainforest%20canopies%3A%20General%20introduction%2C%20methods%2C%20sites%20and%20ordinal%20results%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kitching%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mcintyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carruthers%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%20The%20arthropod%20assemblages%20occurring%20in%20the%20canopies%20of%20tropical%2C%20subtropical%20and%20cool%20temperate%20sites%20have%20been%20sampled%20using%20a%20pyrethrum%20knockdown%20technique.%20Details%20of%20the%20techniques%20used%20and%20the%20climate%20and%20vegetation%20of%20the%20areas%20studied%20are%20presented%20together%20with%20an%20analysis%20of%20the%20distribution%20of%20individual%20arthropods%20across%20Orders.%20An%20approach%20using%20generalized%20linear%20modelling%20partitioned%20the%20variance%20in%20numbers%20among%20sites%20within%20forest%20types%20and%20across%20the%20three%20forest%20types.%20The%20effects%20of%20both%20these%20components%20were%20significant.%20The%20differences%20between%20the%20ordinal%20signatures%20of%20each%20forest%20type%20are%20discussed%20and%20a%20number%20of%20hypotheses%20proposed%20to%20account%20for%20these%20differences%2C%20based%20on%20knowledge%20of%20the%20biology%20of%20the%20groups%20concerned.%20For%20the%20tropical%20and%20subtropical%20sites%20a%20comparison%20was%20made%20between%20samples%20collected%20in%20the%20low%20to%20mid-canopy%20with%20ones%20collected%20in%20the%20high%20canopy.%20Numbers%20of%20both%20insects%20and%20non-insects%20collected%20differed%20significantly%20with%20height%20in%20the%20subtropical%20forest%20and%20the%20distribution%20of%20insects%20across%20Orders%20was%20also%20significantly%20different%20in%20this%20forest%20type.%20In%20the%20tropical%20forests%20numbers%20of%20insects%20differed%20significantly%20between%20the%20two%20strata%20but%20neither%20the%20numbers%20of%20non-insects%20nor%20the%20ordinal%20profiles%20of%20either%20insects%20or%20non-insects%20were%20shown%20to%20be%20significantly%20different.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%201993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.1993.tb00442.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221442-9993%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.1993.tb00442.x%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FJ4EMQGT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201993.%20%26%23x201C%3BDetails%20of%20Local%20Dispersion%20Improve%20the%20Fit%20of%20Neighborhood%20Competition%20Models.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EOecologia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2095%20%282%29%3A%20299%26%23x2013%3B302.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00323504%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00323504%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DFJ4EMQGT%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Details%20of%20local%20dispersion%20improve%20the%20fit%20of%20neighborhood%20competition%20models%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22I%20performed%20a%20series%20of%20greenhouse%20experiments%20to%20explore%20how%20patterns%20in%20the%20dispersion%20of%20local%20competitors%20affect%20the%20reproductive%20performance%20of%20Capsella%20bursa-pastoris%2C%20Poa%20annua%20and%20Senecio%20vulgaris.%20I%20manipulated%20the%20density%20and%20relative%20frequency%20of%20competitors%20in%20each%20of%20three%20concentric%20rings%20surrounding%20a%20central%20plant%2C%20thereby%20creating%20a%20variety%20patterns%20by%20which%20local%20competitors%20were%20distributed.%20Neighborhood%20competition%20models%20were%20used%20to%20predict%20the%20seed%20output%20of%20these%20central%20plants.%20For%20both%20Senecio%20vulgaris%20and%20Capsella%20bursa-pastoris%2C%20I%20found%20that%20models%20which%20incorporated%20the%20dispersion%20of%20competitors%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20relative%20emergence%20date%20of%20plants%2C%20performed%20substantially%20better%20than%20those%20that%20considered%20only%20the%20distance%20between%20the%20central%20plant%20and%20each%20of%20its%20competitors.%20I%20was%20unable%20to%20measure%20the%20seed%20output%20of%20Poa%20annua%20but%20neither%20emergence%20data%20nor%20the%20dispersion%20of%20competitors%20were%20important%20in%20determining%20its%20final%20dry-weight.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22August%201993%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2FBF00323504%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220029-8549%2C%201432-1939%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2FBF00323504%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229R4IXDXU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201994.%20%26%23x201C%3BChanges%20in%20Fecundity%20Do%20Not%20Predict%20Invasiveness%3A%20A%20Model%20Study%20of%20Transgenic%20Plants.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2075%20%281%29%3A%20249%26%23x2013%3B252.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1939399%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1939399%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D9R4IXDXU%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Changes%20in%20Fecundity%20Do%20Not%20Predict%20Invasiveness%3A%20A%20Model%20Study%20of%20Transgenic%20Plants%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22See%20full-text%20article%20at%20JSTOR%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%201994%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F1939399%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.esajournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F1939399%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SXIJVQQ5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201994.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Effects%20of%20Genotype%20and%20the%20Environment%20on%20Costs%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Lettuce.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EThe%20American%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20143%20%282%29%3A%20349%26%23x2013%3B359.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2462647%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2462647%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DSXIJVQQ5%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Effects%20of%20Genotype%20and%20the%20Environment%20on%20Costs%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Lettuce%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201994%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2462647%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RN9X3T6I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Purrington%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPurrington%2C%20Colin%20B.%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201995.%20%26%23x201C%3BAssessing%20Weediness%20of%20Transgenic%20Crops%3A%20Industry%20Plays%20Plant%20Ecologist.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ETrends%20in%20Ecology%20%26amp%3Bamp%3B%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2010%20%288%29%3A%20340%26%23x2013%3B2.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0169-5347%2800%2989124-7%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0169-5347%2800%2989124-7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DRN9X3T6I%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20weediness%20of%20transgenic%20crops%3A%20industry%20plays%20plant%20ecologist.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0169-5347%2800%2989124-7%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-5347%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A57%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BVMIRV7F%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thornley%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThornley%2C%20J.%20H.%20M.%2C%20J.%20Bergelson%2C%20and%20A.%20J.%20Parsons.%201995.%20%26%23x201C%3BComplex%20Dynamics%20in%20a%20Carbon-Nitrogen%20Model%20of%20a%20Grass-Legume%20Pasture.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAnnals%20of%20Botany%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2075%20%281%29%3A%2079%26%23x2013%3B84.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0305-7364%2805%2980012-5%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0305-7364%2805%2980012-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DBVMIRV7F%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Complex%20Dynamics%20in%20a%20Carbon-Nitrogen%20Model%20of%20a%20Grass-Legume%20Pasture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thornley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parsons%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20physiologically%20based%20model%20of%20a%20grass-legume%20pasture%20is%20used%20to%20study%20the%20dynamics%20of%20these%20competing%20species.%20In%20our%20model%2C%20we%20consider%20carbon%20and%20nitrogen%20pools%20and%20fluxes%2C%20incorporating%20competition%20for%20light%20and%20soil%20mineral%20nitrogen%2C%20and%20including%20the%20processes%20of%20nitrogen%20fixation%2C%20nitrogen%20losses%20and%20dry%20matter%20allocation.%20First%2C%20the%20steadystate%20responses%20of%20each%20species%20to%20nitrogen%20deposition%2C%20to%20leaching%20rate%2C%20and%20to%20other%20nitrogen%20losses%20are%20examined.%20We%20then%20consider%20the%20dynamic%20behaviour%20of%20these%20species%20when%20there%20is%20no%20time%20delay%20for%20nitrogen%20cycled%20through%20the%20soil%20organic%20matter%20pool.%20Next%2C%20the%20effects%20of%20various%20time%20delays%20associated%20with%20the%20soil%20organic%20matter%20nitrogen%20pool%20on%20the%20system%20dynamics%20are%20examined%3A%20the%20behaviour%20becomes%20complex%2C%20non-linear%20and%20exhibits%20lightly%20or%20heavily%20damped%20oscillations%20at%20two%20frequencies.%20The%20high%20sensitivity%20of%20the%20system%20both%20to%20the%20initial%20value%20of%20the%20soil%20organic%20matter%20nitrogen%20pool%2C%20and%20to%20any%20photosynthetic%20competitive%20advantage%2C%20is%20investigated.%20The%20implications%20of%20these%20results%20in%20relation%20to%20observations%20and%20experiments%20on%20grass-legume%20pastures%20are%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%201995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0305-7364%2805%2980012-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220305-7364%2C%201095-8290%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Faob.oxfordjournals.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F75%5C%2F1%5C%2F79%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EWVBQQJS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shonle%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EShonle%2C%20Irene%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201995.%20%26%23x201C%3BInterplant%20Communication%20Revisited.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2076%20%288%29%3A%202660%26%23x2013%3B2663.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2265837%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2265837%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DEWVBQQJS%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interplant%20Communication%20Revisited%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shonle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22See%20full-text%20article%20at%20JSTOR%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2265837%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.esajournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2265837%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222R334NB6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20and%20Purrington%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20and%20Colin%20B.%20Purrington.%201996.%20%26%23x201C%3BSurveying%20Patterns%20in%20the%20Cost%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Plants.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EThe%20American%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20148%20%283%29%3A%20536%26%23x2013%3B558.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2463302%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2463302%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D2R334NB6%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Surveying%20Patterns%20in%20the%20Cost%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Plants%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purrington%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Despite%20the%20general%20belief%20that%20traits%20conferring%20resistance%20in%20plants%20to%20pests%20also%20confer%20costs%2C%20disagreement%20persists%20about%20the%20frequency%20of%20costs%20and%20the%20conditions%20under%20which%20they%20are%20most%20likely%20to%20be%20evident.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20analyze%2088%20published%20comparisons%20to%20explore%20when%20trade-offs%20between%20resistance%20and%20fitness%20traits%20can%20be%20detected.%20Among%20the%20patterns%20revealed%20are%20that%20costs%20were%20most%20often%20associated%20with%20resistance%20to%20herbicides%2C%20followed%20by%20resistance%20to%20pathogens%2C%20and%20least%20often%20associated%20with%20resistance%20to%20herbivores%3B%20costs%20were%20more%20often%20found%20in%20crops%20versus%20wild%20species%3B%20greater%20control%20of%20the%20genetic%20background%20increased%20the%20probability%20of%20detecting%20costs%20of%20resistance%3B%20there%20was%20large%20variation%20in%20the%20cost%20associated%20with%20the%20same%20resistance%20trait%20in%20different%20genetic%20backgrounds%3B%20and%20many%20examples%20of%20costs%20of%20resistance%20appeared%20to%20be%20due%20to%20linkage%20rather%20than%20pleiotropic%20effects.%20We%20discuss%20these%20and%20other%20results%20and%20emphasize%20that%20dependencies%20among%20the%20data%20invalidate%20statistical%20verification%20of%20these%20patterns.%20We%20hope%20that%20our%20results%20stimulate%20experiments%20that%20test%20the%20observed%20patterns%20critically.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%201996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2463302%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NE4KG3PG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20Thomas%20Juenger%2C%20and%20Michael%20J.%20Crawley.%201996.%20%26%23x201C%3BRegrowth%20Following%20Herbivory%20in%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata%3A%20Compensation%20but%20Not%20Overcompensation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EThe%20American%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20148%20%284%29%3A%20744%26%23x2013%3B755.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fdoi%3A10.1007%5C%2Fs004420050732%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fdoi%3A10.1007%5C%2Fs004420050732%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DNE4KG3PG%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Regrowth%20Following%20Herbivory%20in%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata%3A%20Compensation%20but%20not%20Overcompensation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crawley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22October%201996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22doi%3A10.1007%5C%2Fs004420050732%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2556328%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T17%3A29%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223P87RQ6D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy.%201996.%20%26%23x201C%3BCompetition%20between%20Two%20Weeds.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Scientist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2084%20%286%29%3A%20579%26%23x2013%3B584.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F29775787%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F29775787%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3P87RQ6D%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Competition%20between%20Two%20Weeds%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%201996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0996%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F29775787%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HRECD7VS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20Colin%20B.%20Purrington%2C%20Curtis%20J.%20Palm%2C%20and%20Juan-Carlos%20L%26%23xF3%3Bpez-Guti%26%23xE9%3Brrez.%201996.%20%26%23x201C%3BCosts%20of%20Resistance%3A%20A%20Test%20Using%20Transgenic%20Arabidopsis%20Thaliana.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20of%20London%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20263%20%281377%29%3A%201659%26%23x2013%3B1663.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.1996.0242%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.1996.0242%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DHRECD7VS%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Costs%20of%20Resistance%3A%20A%20Test%20Using%20Transgenic%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Curtis%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juan-Carlos%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00f3pez-Guti%5Cu00e9rrez%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Evolutionary%20biologists%20have%20long%20attributed%20polymorphisms%20in%20resistance%20status%20to%20fitness%20costs%20of%20resistance%20traits.%20Nevertheless%2C%20pleiotropic%20fitness%20costs%20of%20resistance%20have%20been%20notoriously%20difficult%20to%20detect.%20We%20have%20transformed%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%20with%20a%20mutant%20acetolactate%20synthase%20gene%20that%20confers%20resistance%20to%20the%20herbicide%2C%20chlorsulfuron.%20Our%20experiment%20revealed%20a%2034%25%20reduction%20in%20the%20lifetime%20seed%20production%20of%20transgenic%2C%20herbicide%20resistant%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%20relative%20to%20their%20susceptible%20nullsegregants.%20Our%20experimental%20design%20allows%20us%20to%20conclude%20that%20this%20fitness%20cost%20of%20resistance%20is%20caused%20by%20the%20pleiotropic%20effect%20of%20the%20introduced%20acetolactate%20synthase%20gene%20rather%20than%20other%20potential%20costs%20associated%20with%20the%20plasmid%20or%20mutational%20changes%20induced%20by%20plant%20transformation.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20can%20attribute%20the%20cost%20of%20resistance%20to%20the%20presence%20of%20the%20resistance%20gene%20rather%20than%20an%20increase%20in%20gene%20dosage.%20The%20implications%20of%20these%20results%20for%20the%20risk%20assessment%20of%20transgenic%20crops%20are%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frspb.1996.0242%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220962-8452%2C%201471-2954%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F263%5C%2F1377%5C%2F1659%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JQMV54RZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kareiva%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKareiva%2C%20Peter%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201997.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Nuances%20of%20Variability%3A%20Beyond%20Mean%20Square%20Error%20and%20Platitudes%20about%20Fluctuating%20Environments.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2078%20%285%29%3A%201299%26%23x2013%3B1300.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1299%3ATNOVBM%5D2.0.CO%3B2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1299%3ATNOVBM%5D2.0.CO%3B2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DJQMV54RZ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Nuances%20of%20Variability%3A%20Beyond%20Mean%20Square%20Error%20and%20Platitudes%20about%20Fluctuating%20Environments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kareiva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1299%3ATNOVBM%5D2.0.CO%3B2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22H5B23BHB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rees%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERees%2C%20Mark%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201997.%20%26%23x201C%3BAsymmetric%20Light%20Competition%20and%20Founder%20Control%20in%20Plant%20Communities.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Theoretical%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20184%20%283%29%3A%20353%26%23x2013%3B358.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1006%5C%2Fjtbi.1996.0297%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1006%5C%2Fjtbi.1996.0297%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DH5B23BHB%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Asymmetric%20Light%20Competition%20and%20Founder%20Control%20in%20Plant%20Communities%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rees%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20explore%20the%20effects%20of%20asymmetric%20competition%20for%20light%20on%20the%20outcome%20of%20interspecific%20competition%20in%20simple%20models%20of%20resource%20competition.%20The%20models%20assume%20that%20species%20only%20differ%20in%20their%20allocation%20of%20resource%20to%20roots%20and%20photosynthetic%20tissues.%20Previous%20studies%2C%20which%20assume%20symmetric%20competition%20for%20light%2C%20have%20found%20that%20all%20two-species%20equilibria%20are%20unstable%20leading%20to%20founder%20control%2C%20and%20that%20as%20species%20become%20more%20similar%20in%20their%20allocation%20of%20resources%20to%20roots%20and%20photosynthetic%20tissues%20so%20the%20likelihood%20of%20founder%20control%20is%20reduced.%20In%20contrast%20when%20competition%20for%20light%20is%20asymmetric%20as%20species%20become%20more%20similar%20the%20likelihood%20of%20founder%20control%20increases.%20Vegetative%20successions%20in%20the%20model%20can%20proceed%20in%20one%20of%20to%20directions%5Cu2014from%20nutrient%20specialist%2C%20with%20a%20high%20allocation%20to%20roots%2C%20to%20light%20specialists%2C%20with%20low%20allocation%20to%20roots%2C%20or%20vice%20versa.%20Low%20nutrient%2C%20low%20disturbance%20habitats%20tend%20to%20have%20successions%20running%20from%20light%20specialists%20to%20nutrient%20specialists%2C%20whereas%20high%20nutrient%2C%20high%20disturbance%20habitats%20have%20successions%20in%20the%20opposite%20direction.%20When%20light%20competition%20is%20symmetric%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20that%20only%20successions%20from%20leaf%20specialists%20to%20root%20specialists%20can%20become%20arrested.%20In%20contrast%2C%20when%20light%20competition%20is%20asymmetric%20either%20type%20of%20succession%20may%20be%20arrested.%20Hence%2C%20asymmetric%20competition%20can%20have%20important%20effects%20on%20the%20outcome%20of%20inter-specific%20competition%20and%20on%20ecosystem%20properties.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1006%5C%2Fjtbi.1996.0297%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-5193%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0022519396902970%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QSVP8JMH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Purrington%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPurrington%2C%20C.%20B.%2C%20and%20J.%20Bergelson.%201997.%20%26%23x201C%3BFitness%20Consequences%20of%20Genetically%20Engineered%20Herbicide%20and%20Antibiotic%20Resistance%20in%20Arabidopsis%20Thaliana.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenetics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20145%20%283%29%3A%20807%26%23x2013%3B814.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DQSVP8JMH%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fitness%20consequences%20of%20genetically%20engineered%20herbicide%20and%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Researchers%20have%20often%20invoked%20the%20concept%20of%20metabolic%20drain%20to%20explain%20the%20lower%20growth%20rates%20of%20bacteria%20containing%20plasmids%20that%20confer%20antibiotic%20resistance.%20This%20idea%20posits%20that%20the%20energetic%20input%20needed%20to%20produce%20detoxifying%20enzymes%20diverts%20resources%20from%20clonal%20reproduction.%20In%20this%20paper%20we%20examine%20whether%20the%20concept%20of%20metabolic%20drain%20can%20be%20applied%20successfully%20to%20plants%20that%20differ%20from%20bacteria%20in%20several%20key%20aspects%20including%20their%20relative%20genome%20size%20and%20reproductive%20rate.%20We%20have%20conducted%20a%20field%20experiment%20using%20mutant%20and%20transgenic%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%20that%20allows%20the%20comparison%20of%20genotypes%20differing%20by%20a%20single%20gene%20conferring%20resistance%20to%20either%20the%20herbicide%20chlorsulfuron%20or%20the%20antibiotic%20kanamycin.%20In%20addition%20to%20testing%20whether%20these%20traits%20reduce%20fitness%2C%20this%20experiment%20was%20conducted%20at%20two%20levels%20of%20resource%20availability%20to%20examine%20whether%20costs%20of%20resistance%20are%20sensitive%20to%20environmental%20quality.%20We%20found%20that%20herbicide-resistant%20individuals%20produced%2026%25%20fewer%20seeds%20than%20susceptible%20counterparts.%20However%2C%20contrasting%20published%20results%20in%20bacterial%20systems%2C%20the%20fecundity%20of%20individuals%20was%20completely%20unaffected%20by%20the%20expression%20of%20an%20introduced%20antibiotic%20resistance%20gene.%20The%20fitness%20cost%20associated%20with%20chlorsulfuron%20resistance%20was%20greater%20in%20nutrient-poor%20conditions%20relative%20to%20nutrient-rich%20conditions%20for%20comparisons%20involving%20mutant%2C%20but%20not%20transgenic%2C%20genotypes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22March%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-6731%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226MEA47QD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Newman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENewman%2C%20Jonathan%20A.%2C%20Joy%20Bergelson%2C%20and%20Alan%20Grafen.%201997.%20%26%23x201C%3BBlocking%20Factors%20and%20Hypothesis%20Tests%20in%20Ecology%3A%20Is%20Your%20Statistics%20Text%20Wrong%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2078%20%285%29%3A%201312%26%23x2013%3B1320.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2266126%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2266126%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D6MEA47QD%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Blocking%20Factors%20and%20Hypothesis%20Tests%20in%20Ecology%3A%20Is%20Your%20Statistics%20Text%20Wrong%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grafen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20demonstrate%20that%20statistics%20textbooks%20differ%20in%20their%20prescription%20for%20the%20analysis%20of%20experiments%20that%20involve%20blocking%20factors.%20The%20differences%20in%20analysis%20may%20lead%20to%20differences%20in%20conclusions%20regarding%20the%20significance%20of%20experimental%20treatment%20effects.%20We%20outline%20the%20two%20approaches%2C%20discuss%20why%20they%20are%20different%2C%20and%20suggest%20when%20each%20approach%20may%20be%20applicable.%20We%20point%20out%20that%20simply%20following%20one%27s%20textbook%20may%20not%20be%20the%20best%20course%20of%20action%20for%20any%20particular%20situation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22July%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2266126%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2266126%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PFDPICVU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Juenger%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJuenger%2C%20Thomas%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201997.%20%26%23x201C%3BPollen%20and%20Resource%20Limitation%20of%20Compensation%20to%20Herbivory%20in%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2078%20%286%29%3A%201684%26%23x2013%3B1695.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1684%3APARLOC%5D2.0.CO%3B2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1684%3APARLOC%5D2.0.CO%3B2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DPFDPICVU%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pollen%20and%20resource%20limitation%20of%20compensation%20to%20herbivory%20in%20scarlet%20gilia%2C%20ipomopsis%20aggregata%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20study%20was%20motivated%20by%20an%20interest%20in%20herbivore%5Cu2013pollinator%20interactions%2C%20and%20in%20the%20potential%20of%20pollination%20ecology%20and%20the%20physical%20environment%20to%20influence%20levels%20of%20tolerance%20to%20herbivore%20damage%20in%20scarlet%20gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata.%20To%20investigate%20these%20potential%20interactions%2C%20we%20performed%20a%20factorial%20combination%20of%20clipping%20treatments%2C%20fertilizer%20additions%2C%20and%20hand%20pollinations%20in%20a%20natural%20population%20of%20scarlet%20gilia%20in%201994%20and%201995.%20Clipping%20imposed%20the%20strongest%20treatment%20effect%20on%20plants%20and%20acted%20by%20delaying%20phenology%2C%20altering%20plant%20architecture%2C%20and%20reducing%20plant%20fitness%20in%20both%20years.%20Hand%20pollinations%20increased%20the%20production%20of%20fruits%20and%20seeds%20in%201995%20only%2C%20suggesting%20that%20our%20population%20was%20pollen%20limited%20in%20that%20year.%20Clipped%20plants%20could%20compensate%20for%20damage%2C%20but%20only%20under%20a%20restrictive%20set%20of%20environmental%20conditions%2C%20including%20fertilizer%20and%20hand%20pollinations%20in%201994%2C%20and%20hand%20pollinations%20in%201995.%20We%20did%20not%20detect%20significant%20overcompensation%20in%20either%20year%20of%20study%2C%20even%20under%20conditions%20releasing%20plants%20from%20nutrient%20and%20pollen%20limitation.%20A%20phenotypic%20selection%20analysis%20was%20conducted%20in%201995%20to%20investigate%20several%20traits%20thought%20to%20influence%20fitness%20in%20the%20presence%20and%20absence%20of%20herbivore%20damage.%20Clipped%20plants%20were%20under%20strong%20selection%20for%20early%20flowering%20and%20increased%20plant%20height.%20We%20did%20not%20detect%20a%20significant%20association%20between%20branch%20production%20or%20plant%20size%20and%20fitness%20in%20grazed%20plants%2C%20suggesting%20that%20other%20factors%20determined%20the%20ability%20of%20plants%20to%20compensate%20for%20damage%20in%201995.%20We%20suggest%20that%20clipping-induced%20changes%20in%20plant%20architecture%20and%20phenology%20altered%20interactions%20between%20damaged%20plants%20and%20pollinators.%20We%20offer%20several%20hypotheses%20to%20explain%20these%20patterns%20and%20highlight%20the%20complexity%20of%20pollinator-%20and%20herbivore-mediated%20selection%20in%20natural%20plant%20populations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1684%3APARLOC%5D2.0.CO%3B2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.esajournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%255B1684%3APARLOC%255D2.0.CO%253B2%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D4B6GGWV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20Eli%20Stahl%2C%20Scott%20Dudek%2C%20and%20Martin%20Kreitman.%201998.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenetic%20Variation%20Within%20and%20Among%20Populations%20of%20Arabidopsis%20Thaliana.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenetics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20148%20%283%29%3A%201311%26%23x2013%3B1323.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.genetics.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F148%5C%2F3%5C%2F1311%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.genetics.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F148%5C%2F3%5C%2F1311%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DD4B6GGWV%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genetic%20Variation%20Within%20and%20Among%20Populations%20of%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eli%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stahl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dudek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kreitman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20investigated%20levels%20of%20nucleotide%20polymorphism%20within%20and%20among%20populations%20of%20the%20highly%20self-fertilizing%20Brassicaceous%20species%2C%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana.%20Four-cutter%20RFLP%20data%20were%20collected%20at%20one%20mitochondrial%20and%20three%20nuclear%20loci%20from%20115%20isolines%20representing%2011%20worldwide%20population%20collections%2C%20as%20well%20as%20from%20seven%20commonly%20used%20ecotypes.%20The%20collections%20include%20multiple%20populations%20from%20North%20America%20and%20Eurasia%2C%20as%20well%20as%20two%20pairs%20of%20collections%20from%20locally%20proximate%20sites%2C%20and%20thus%20allow%20a%20hierarchical%20geographic%20analysis%20of%20polymorphism.%20We%20found%20no%20variation%20at%20the%20mitochondrial%20locus%20Nad5%20and%20very%20low%20levels%20of%20intrapopulation%20nucleotide%20diversity%20at%20Adh%2C%20Dhs1%2C%20and%20Gpa1.%20Interpopulation%20nucleotide%20diversity%20was%20also%20consistently%20low%20among%20the%20loci%2C%20averaging%200.0014.%20gst%2C%20a%20measure%20of%20population%20differentiation%2C%20was%20estimated%20to%20be%200.643.%20Interestingly%2C%20we%20found%20no%20association%20between%20geographical%20distance%20between%20populations%20and%20genetic%20distance.%20Most%20haplotypes%20have%20a%20worldwide%20distribution%2C%20suggesting%20a%20recent%20expansion%20of%20the%20species%20or%20long-distance%20gene%20flow.%20The%20low%20level%20of%20polymorphism%20found%20in%20this%20study%20is%20consistent%20with%20theoretical%20models%20of%20neutral%20mutations%20and%20background%20selection%20in%20highly%20self-fertilizing%20species.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22March%201998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-6731%2C%201943-2631%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.genetics.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F148%5C%2F3%5C%2F1311%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2269UZTWS5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kotanen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKotanen%2C%20Peter%20M%2C%20Joy%20Bergelson%2C%20and%20Donald%20L%20Hazlett.%201998.%20%26%23x201C%3BHabitats%20of%20Native%20and%20Exotic%20Plants%20in%20Colorado%20Shortgrass%20Steppe%3A%20A%20Comparative%20Approach.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ECanadian%20Journal%20of%20Botany%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2076%20%284%29%3A%20664%26%23x2013%3B672.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fb98-036%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fb98-036%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D69UZTWS5%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Habitats%20of%20native%20and%20exotic%20plants%20in%20Colorado%20shortgrass%20steppe%3A%20a%20comparative%20approach%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kotanen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Donald%20L%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hazlett%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Invading%20species%20often%20are%20close%20relatives%2C%20and%20therefore%20share%20many%20characteristics%20as%20a%20consequence%20of%20their%20common%20ancestry.%20This%20tends%20to%20confound%20studies%20of%20invasions%2C%20since%20many%20irrelevant%20characteristics%20are%20likely%20to%20be%20correlated%20with%20a%20species%27%20geographic%20origin%20%28alien%20or%20native%29.%20We%20address%20this%20problem%20by%20using%20phylogenetically%20independent%20comparisons%20to%20investigate%20the%20habitat%20characteristics%20of%20plants%20of%20the%20Central%20Plains%20Experimental%20Range%20%28Colorado%2C%20U.S.A.%29.%20We%20initially%20show%20that%20exotic%20species%20are%20more%20likely%20than%20natives%20to%20occur%20in%20riparian%20zones%2C%20roadsides%2C%20and%20disturbed%20sites%2C%20and%20less%20likely%20to%20occur%20in%20grassland.%20The%20relationship%20between%20exotic%20origins%20and%20disturbed%20sites%20disappears%20when%20phylogenetic%20dependence%20is%20removed%20from%20the%20analyses%3B%20in%20contrast%2C%20the%20other%20associations%20persist%20following%20phylogenetic%20detrending%2C%20indicating%20that%20aliens%20and%20their%20native%20relatives%20consistently%20differ%20in%20their%20ability%20to%20exploit%20riparian%2C%20roadside%2C%20and%20grassland%20habitats.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20th...%2C%20Les%20esp%5Cu00e8ces%20envahissantes%20sont%20souvent%20%5Cu00e9troitement%20apparent%5Cu00e9es%2C%20et%20cons%5Cu00e9quemment%20partagent%20plusieurs%20caract%5Cu00e9ristiques%20de%20leur%20origine%20commune.%20Ceci%20tend%20%5Cu00e0%20rendre%20floues%20les%20%5Cu00e9tudes%20sur%20l%27invasion%2C%20puisque%20plusieurs%20caract%5Cu00e9ristiques%20non%20pertinentes%20sont%20susceptibles%20d%27%5Cu00eatre%20corr%5Cu00e9l%5Cu00e9es%20avec%20l%27origine%20g%5Cu00e9ographique%20de%20l%27esp%5Cu00e8ce%20%28indig%5Cu00e8ne%20ou%20introduite%29.%20Les%20auteurs%20ont%20examin%5Cu00e9%20cette%20question%20en%20utilisant%20des%20comparaisons%20ind%5Cu00e9pendantes%20de%20la%20phylog%5Cu00e9nie%20pour%20%5Cu00e9tudier%20les%20caract%5Cu00e9ristiques%20des%20habitats%20des%20plantes%20du%20Central%20Plains%20Experimental%20Range%20au%20Colorado%20%28U.S.A.%29.%20Les%20r%5Cu00e9sultats%20montrent%20que%20les%20esp%5Cu00e8ces%20introduites%20sont%20plus%20susceptibles%20que%20les%20esp%5Cu00e8ces%20indig%5Cu00e8nes%20de%20se%20retrouver%20dans%20les%20zones%20ripariennes%2C%20les%20bords%20de%20route%20et%20les%20sites%20perturb%5Cu00e9s%2C%20et%20moins%20susceptibles%20de%20se%20retrouver%20dans%20la%20prairie.%20La%20relation%20entre%20les%20origines%20des%20plantes%20adventices%20et%20les%20sites%20perturb%5Cu00e9s%20dispara%5Cu00eet%20lorsque%20la%20d%5Cu00e9pendance%20phylog%5Cu00e9n%5Cu00e9tique%20est%20%5Cu00e9limin%5Cu00e9e%20des%20analyses%3B%20au%20contraire%2C%20les%20autres%20associations%20persistent%20lorsque%20les%20...%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%201998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1139%5C%2Fb98-036%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220008-4026%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fb98-036%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KNPUHFFP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20Joy%2C%20Colin%20B.%20Purrington%2C%20and%20Gale%20Wichmann.%201998.%20%26%23x201C%3BPromiscuity%20in%20Transgenic%20Plants.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20395%20%286697%29%3A%2025%26%23x2013%3B25.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2F25626%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2F25626%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DKNPUHFFP%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Promiscuity%20in%20transgenic%20plants%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gale%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wichmann%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20ecological%20risks%20of%20genetically%20modified%20crops%20are%20of%20greatest%20concern%20when%20there%20are%20no%20inherent%20barriers%20to%20the%20spread%20of%20transgenes%20through%20sexual%20reproduction.%20This%20is%20most%20likely%20when%20transgenes%20can%20spread%20to%20weedy%20species%20through%20hybridization%2C%20or%20when%20the%20crop%20species%20itself%20exists%20in%20weedy%20forms.%20If%20the%20potential%20recipient%20of%20a%20transgene%20is%20a%20highly%20selfing%20species%2C%20such%20as%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%2C%20this%20risk%20is%20often%20considered%20negligible.%20Here%2C%20however%2C%20we%20report%20results%20of%20a%20field%20experiment%20in%20which%20transgenic%20A.%20thaliana%20showed%20a%20dramatically%20increased%20ability%20to%20donate%20pollen%20to%20nearby%20wild-type%20mothers%20compared%20with%20A.%20thaliana%20mutants%20expressing%20the%20same%20mutant%20allele%20as%20the%20transgenic%20plants.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%201998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2F25626%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv395%5C%2Fn6697%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F395025a0.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WQCZIUV2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Juenger%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJuenger%2C%20Thomas%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201998.%20%26%23x201C%3BPairwise%20Versus%20Diffuse%20Natural%20Selection%20and%20the%20Multiple%20Herbivores%20of%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEvolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2052%20%286%29%3A%201583%26%23x2013%3B1592.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2411332%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2411332%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DWQCZIUV2%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pairwise%20Versus%20Diffuse%20Natural%20Selection%20and%20the%20Multiple%20Herbivores%20of%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Recent%20theoretical%20studies%20have%20argued%20that%20plant-herbivore%20coevolution%20proceeds%20in%20a%20diffuse%20rather%20than%20a%20pairwise%20manner%20in%20multispecies%20interactions%20when%20at%20least%20one%20of%20two%20conditions%20are%20met%3A%20%281%29%20genetic%20correlations%20exist%20between%20plant%20resistances%20to%20different%20herbivore%20species%3B%20and%20%282%29%20ecological%20interactions%20between%20herbivores%20sharing%20a%20host%20plant%20cause%20nonadditive%20impacts%20of%20herbivory%20on%20plant%20fitness.%20We%20present%20results%20from%20manipulative%20field%20experiments%20investigating%20the%20single%20and%20interactive%20fitness%20effects%20of%20three%20types%20of%20herbivory%20on%20scarlet%20gilia%20%28Ipomopsis%20aggregata%29%20over%20two%20years%20of%20study.%20We%20utilize%20these%20data%20to%20test%20whether%20selection%20imposed%20by%20herbivore%20attack%20on%20date%20of%20first%20flowering%20is%20pairwise%20%28independent%29%20or%20diffuse%20%28dependent%29%20in%20nature.%20Our%20results%20reveal%20complex%20patterns%20of%20the%20fitness%20effect%20of%20herbivores.%20Simulated%20early%20season%20browsing%20had%20a%20strong%20negative%20fitness%20effect%20on%20plants%20and%20also%20reduced%20subsequent%20insect%20attack.%20Surprisingly%2C%20this%20ecological%20interaction%20did%20not%20translate%20into%20significant%20interactions%20between%20clipping%20and%20insect%20manipulations%20on%20plant%20fitness.%20However%2C%20we%20detected%20a%20significant%20interaction%20between%20seed%20fly%20and%20caterpillar%20herbivory%20on%20plant%20fitness%2C%20with%20the%20negative%20effect%20of%20either%20insect%20being%20greatest%20when%20occurring%20alone.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20herbivore-imposed%20selection%20may%20have%20pairwise%20and%20diffuse%20components.%20In%20our%20selection%20analysis%20of%20flowering%20phenology%2C%20we%20discovered%20significant%20pairwise%20linear%20selection%20imposed%20by%20clipping%2C%20diffuse%20linear%20selection%20imposed%20by%20insects%2C%20and%20diffuse%20nonlinear%20selection%20imposed%20by%20clipping%20and%20insect%20attack%20acting%20simultaneously.%20Our%20results%20reveal%20that%20the%20evolution%20of%20flowering%20phenology%20in%20scarlet%20gilia%20may%20be%20in%20response%20to%20diffuse%20and%20pairwise%20natural%20selection%20imposed%20by%20multiple%20herbivores.%20We%20discuss%20the%20evolution%20of%20resistance%20characters%20in%20light%20of%20diffuse%20versus%20pairwise%20forms%20of%20linear%20and%20nonlinear%20selection%20and%20stress%20the%20complexity%20of%20selection%20imposed%20by%20suites%20of%20interacting%20species.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2411332%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220014-3820%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F2411332%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223BRNNQ5G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nordborg%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENordborg%2C%20Magnus%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201999.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Effect%20of%20Seed%20and%20Rosette%20Cold%20Treatment%20on%20Germination%20and%20Flowering%20Time%20in%20Some%20Arabidopsis%20Thaliana%20%28Brassicaceae%29%20Ecotypes.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Journal%20of%20Botany%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2086%20%284%29%3A%20470%26%23x2013%3B475.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.amjbot.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F86%5C%2F4%5C%2F470%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.amjbot.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F86%5C%2F4%5C%2F470%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3BRNNQ5G%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20effect%20of%20seed%20and%20rosette%20cold%20treatment%20on%20germination%20and%20flowering%20time%20in%20some%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%20%28Brassicaceae%29%20ecotypes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magnus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nordborg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20germination%20and%20flowering%20responses%20to%20cold%20treatment%20were%20investigated%20in%2032%20ecotypes%20of%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana.%20A%20month-long%20cold%20treatment%20at%20the%20seed%20stage%20decreased%20the%20time%20until%20flowering%20in%20all%20but%20one%20strain%2C%20whereas%20a%203-d%20cold%20treatment%20had%20little%2C%20or%20the%20opposing%20effect.%20A%20month-long%20cold%20treatment%20at%20the%20rosette%20stage%20also%20decreased%20the%20time%20until%20flowering%2C%20but%20was%20less%20effective%20than%20seed%20cold%20treatment.%20Seed%20and%20rosette%20cold%20treatments%20did%20not%20have%20an%20additive%20effect%20on%20time%20until%20flowering.%20Cold%20treatment%20usually%20increased%20the%20speed%20of%20germination%2C%20however%20no%20clear%20response%20patterns%20for%20the%20probability%20of%20germination%20were%20detected.%20These%20findings%20are%20discussed%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20life%20cycle%20of%20the%20plant.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%201999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-9122%2C%201537-2197%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.amjbot.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F86%5C%2F4%5C%2F470%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VIWW4ZNZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Purrington%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPurrington%2C%20Colin%20B.%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201999.%20%26%23x201C%3BExploring%20the%20Physiological%20Basis%20of%20Costs%20of%20Herbicide%20Resistance%20in%20Arabidopsis%20Thaliana.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EThe%20American%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20154%20%28S1%29%3A%20S82%26%23x2013%3BS91.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F303285%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F303285%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DVIWW4ZNZ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Exploring%20the%20Physiological%20Basis%20of%20Costs%20of%20Herbicide%20Resistance%20in%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22abstract%3A%20For%20some%20resistance%20traits%20identified%20in%20crop%20and%20weed%20species%2C%20plant%20physiologists%20have%20detailed%20knowledge%20of%20the%20mechanism%20of%20gene%20action%20that%20distinguishes%20the%20physiology%20of%20resistant%20and%20susceptible%20genotypes.%20Such%20information%20could%20be%20useful%20to%20those%20evolutionary%20biologists%20interested%20in%20coupling%20the%20genetics%20and%20physiology%20of%20resistance%20mutations%20with%20data%20on%20the%20relative%20fitness%20of%20resistant%20and%20susceptible%20genotypes.%20In%20previous%20work%2C%20we%20have%20shown%20that%20the%20lifetime%20seed%20production%20of%20chlorsulfuron%5Cu2010resistant%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%20was%20substantially%20lower%20than%20that%20of%20susceptible%20plants%2C%20and%20here%20we%20explore%20potential%20physiological%20reasons%20for%20the%20fitness%20reduction.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20highlight%20several%20methodological%20issues%20that%20are%20essential%20when%20using%20transgenic%20technology%20to%20explore%20fitness%20trade%5Cu2010offs.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22July%201999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1086%5C%2F303285%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F303285%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227AWTREIB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Stahl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStahl%2C%20Eli%20A.%2C%20Greg%20Dwyer%2C%20Rodney%20Mauricio%2C%20Martin%20Kreitman%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%201999.%20%26%23x201C%3BDynamics%20of%20Disease%20Resistance%20Polymorphism%20at%20the%20Rpm1%20Locus%20of%20Arabidopsis.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20400%20%286745%29%3A%20667%26%23x2013%3B671.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2F23260%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2F23260%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D7AWTREIB%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dynamics%20of%20disease%20resistance%20polymorphism%20at%20the%20Rpm1%20locus%20of%20Arabidopsis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eli%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stahl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Greg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dwyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rodney%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mauricio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kreitman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20co-evolutionary%20%27arms%20race%27%20is%20a%20widely%20accepted%20model%20for%20the%20evolution%20of%20host%5Cu2013pathogen%20interactions.%20This%20model%20predicts%20that%20variation%20for%20disease%20resistance%20will%20be%20transient%2C%20and%20that%20host%20populations%20generally%20will%20be%20monomorphic%20at%20disease-resistance%20%28R%20-gene%29%20loci.%20However%2C%20plant%20populations%20show%20considerable%20polymorphism%20at%20R%20-gene%20loci%20involved%20in%20pathogen%20recognition.%20Here%20we%20have%20tested%20the%20arms-race%20model%20in%20Arabidopsis%20thaliana%20by%20analysing%20sequences%20flanking%20Rpm1%2C%20a%20gene%20conferring%20the%20ability%20to%20recognize%20Pseudomonas%20pathogens%20carrying%20AvrRpm1%20orAvrB%20%28ref.%203%29.%20We%20reject%20the%20arms-race%20hypothesis%3A%20resistance%20andsusceptibility%20alleles%20at%20this%20locus%20have%20co-existed%20for%20millions%20of%20years.%20To%20account%20for%20the%20age%20of%20alleles%20and%20the%20relative%20levels%20ofpolymorphism%20within%20allelic%20classes%2C%20we%20use%20coalescence%20theory%20to%20model%20the%20long-term%20accumulation%20of%20nucleotide%20polymorphism%20in%20the%20context%20of%20the%20short-term%20ecological%20dynamics%20of%20disease%20resistance.%20This%20analysis%20supports%20a%20%27trench%20warfare%27%20hypothesis%2C%20inwhich%20advances%20and%20retreats%20of%20resistance-allele%20frequency%20maintain%20variation%20for%20disease%20resistance%20as%20a%20dynamic%20polymorphism%2C.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22August%201999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2F23260%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv400%5C%2Fn6745%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F400667a0.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XGACBU2B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ewel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEwel%2C%20John%2C%20Dennis%20O%26%23x2019%3BDowd%2C%20Joy%20Bergelson%2C%20Curtis%20Daehler%2C%20Carla%20D%26%23x2019%3BAntonio%2C%20Luis%20Diego%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez%2C%20Doria%20Gordon%2C%20et%20al.%201999.%20%26%23x201C%3BDeliberate%20Introductions%20of%20Species%3A%20Research%20Needs.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ESvata%20M.%20Louda%20Publications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20August.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fdoi%3A%2010.2307%5C%2F1313438%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fdoi%3A%2010.2307%5C%2F1313438%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DXGACBU2B%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Deliberate%20Introductions%20of%20Species%3A%20Research%20Needs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ewel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dennis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Dowd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Curtis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daehler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%27Antonio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%20Diego%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gordon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hobbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Keith%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hopper%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hughes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marcy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22LaHart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roger%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leakey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lloyd%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loope%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lorence%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Svata%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Louda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ariel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lugo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McEvoy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vitousek%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22August%201999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22doi%3A%2010.2307%5C%2F1313438%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%5C%2Fbioscilouda%5C%2F5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T17%3A14%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DAXXRXA4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Juenger%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJuenger%2C%20Thomas%2C%20and%20Joy%20M.%20Bergelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BDoes%20Early%20Season%20Browsing%20Influence%20the%20Effect%20of%20Self-Pollination%20in%20Scarlet%20Gilia%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2081%20%281%29.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F177132%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F177132%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DDAXXRXA4%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Does%20Early%20Season%20Browsing%20Influence%20the%20Effect%20of%20Self-Pollination%20in%20Scarlet%20Gilia%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F177132%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T9R5VTSP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kotanen%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKotanen%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20and%20J.%20Bergelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BEffects%20of%20Simulated%20Grazing%20on%20Different%20Genotypes%20of%20Bouteloua%20Gracilis%3A%20How%20Important%20Is%20Morphology%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EOecologia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20123%20%281%29%3A%2066%26%23x2013%3B74.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs004420050990%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs004420050990%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DT9R5VTSP%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effects%20of%20simulated%20grazing%20on%20different%20genotypes%20of%20Bouteloua%20gracilis%3A%20how%20important%20is%20morphology%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kotanen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Populations%20of%20grasses%20exposed%20to%20grazing%20by%20vertebrates%20often%20exhibit%20reduced%20stature%2C%20increased%20tillering%2C%20reduced%20flowering%2C%20and%20other%20morphological%20differences%20which%20distinguish%20them%20from%20ungrazed%20populations.%20These%20differences%20frequently%20are%20interpreted%20as%20an%20adaptive%20response%20that%20reduces%20grazing%20damage%3B%20however%2C%20there%20are%20few%20experimental%20tests%20of%20this%20hypothesis.%20This%20paper%20describes%20a%20field%20experiment%20designed%20to%20determine%20whether%20morphological%20variation%20among%20genotypes%20of%20the%20grass%20Bouteloua%20gracilis%20is%20related%20to%20variation%20in%20their%20responses%20to%20grazing.%20Eleven%20genotypes%20differing%20in%20morphological%20and%20reproductive%20characters%20were%20transplanted%20into%20a%20shortgrass%20steppe%20community%20near%20Fort%20Collins%2C%20Colorado.%20Replicates%20of%20each%20genotype%20were%20subjected%20to%20clipping%20treatments%20intended%20to%20realistically%20simulate%20three%20grazing%20intensities.%20After%20two%20growing%20seasons%2C%20different%20genotypes%20still%20maintained%20significant%20differences%20in%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20morphological%20and%20demographic%20characters.%20However%2C%20there%20were%20few%20significant%20effects%20of%20grazing%20treatment%2C%20and%20no%20significant%20genotype%5Cu00d7treatment%20interactions.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20for%20B.%20gracilis%20clipped%20in%20simulation%20of%20natural%20grazing%2C%20defoliation%20has%20few%20short-term%20effects%20on%20fitness%20components%2C%20and%20intrapopulation%20morphological%20variation%20has%20few%20consequences%20for%20defoliation%20resistance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%202000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs004420050990%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220029-8549%2C%201432-1939%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs004420050990%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WNGFCPKG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Juenger%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJuenger%2C%20T.%2C%20and%20J.%20Bergelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BFactors%20Limiting%20Rosette%20Recruitment%20in%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata%3A%20Seed%20and%20Disturbance%20Limitation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EOecologia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20123%20%283%29%3A%20358%26%23x2013%3B363.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs004420051022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs004420051022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DWNGFCPKG%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Factors%20limiting%20rosette%20recruitment%20in%20scarlet%20gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20aggregata%3A%20seed%20and%20disturbance%20limitation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20performed%20a%20factorial%20combination%20of%20seed%20additions%2C%20surface%20soil%20disturbance%2C%20and%20protection%20from%20potential%20seed%20predation%20in%20experimental%20plots%20to%20elucidate%20the%20relative%20importance%20of%20each%20factor%20in%20the%20recruitment%20of%20scarlet%20gilia%20seedlings.%20We%20detected%20a%20significant%20interaction%20between%20seed%20addition%20and%20surface%20soil%20disturbance%20on%20seedling%20recruitment%20over%202%20years%20of%20establishment.%20Plots%20that%20received%20both%20supplemental%20seed%20addition%20and%20disturbance%20established%2010.5%20times%20as%20many%20rosettes%20as%20control%20plots.%20We%20did%20not%20detect%20main%20or%20interactive%20effects%20of%20caging%20on%20seedling%20establishment.%20We%20explored%20the%20importance%20of%20density-dependent%20recruitment%20by%20investigating%20the%20number%20of%20rosettes%20per%20experimental%20plot%20through%20time.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20used%20planned%20contrasts%20to%20compare%20the%20absolute%20and%20percent%20changes%20in%20control%20and%20treatment%20plot%20rosette%20densities%20between%20the%20study%20years.%20We%20found%20significant%20downward%20concave%20curvature%20to%20the%20seedling%20recruitment%20curve%2C%20suggesting%20negative%20density-dependent%20recruitment%20across%20the%20experimental%20range%20of%20rosette%20densities.%20We%20found%20a%20significant%20difference%20between%20the%20control%20plots%20and%20the%20seed%20addition-disturbance%20plots%20in%20terms%20of%20absolute%20changes%20in%20plot%20density%20from%201997%20to%201998.%20Greater%20net%20mortality%20occurred%20in%20plots%20that%20received%20both%20seed%20addition%20and%20disturbance.%20However%2C%20we%20found%20no%20differences%20among%20treatments%20in%20the%20percent%20change%20in%20rosette%20density%20across%20the%20study%20years.%20Our%20study%20demonstrates%20that%20seedling%20recruitment%20in%20natural%20plant%20populations%20may%20be%20limited%20by%20the%20interaction%20of%20seed%20and%20microsite%20availability%2C%20and%20that%20seedling%20recruitment%20in%20scarlet%20gilia%20may%20be%20negatively%20density%20dependent.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20the%20fecundity%20effects%20of%20particular%20plant-animal%20interactions%20%28e.g.%2C%20pollination%2C%20herbivory%29%20may%20affect%20scarlet%20gilia%20population%20dynamics%2C%20particularly%20under%20conditions%20of%20high%20soil%20disturbance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs004420051022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220029-8549%2C%201432-1939%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs004420051022%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VAIX2N8C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cipollini%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECipollini%2C%20Donald%20F.%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BEnvironmental%20and%20Developmental%20Regulation%20of%20Trypsin%20Inhibitor%20Activity%20in%20Brassica%20Napus.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Chemical%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2026%20%286%29%3A%201411%26%23x2013%3B1422.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1023%5C%2FA%3A1005540107957%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1023%5C%2FA%3A1005540107957%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DVAIX2N8C%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Environmental%20and%20Developmental%20Regulation%20of%20Trypsin%20Inhibitor%20Activity%20in%20Brassica%20napus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Donald%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cipollini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20examined%20several%20environmental%20and%20developmental%20influences%20on%20trypsin%20inhibitor%20%28TI%29%20activity%20in%20leaves%20of%20young%20Brassica%20napus%20seedlings%20in%20a%20series%20of%20greenhouse%20experiments.%20In%20seedlings%20of%20B.%20napus%20cv.%20Westar%2C%20TI%20activity%20is%20constitutively%20present%20and%20exhibits%20a%20rise%20then%20fall%20through%20time%20in%20the%20first%20true%20leaves%20of%20young%20plants.%20TI%20activity%20is%20induced%20by%20wounding%20in%20the%20first%20true%20leaves%2C%20but%20the%20degree%20of%20induction%20is%20relatively%20insensitive%20to%20the%20degree%20of%20wounding%20over%20a%20gradient%20of%205%5Cu201315%25%20of%20leaf%20area%20damage.%20TI%20activity%20is%20enhanced%20in%20first%20true%20leaves%20of%20plants%20in%20which%20the%20cotyledons%20have%20been%20wounded%20relative%20to%20plants%20in%20which%20the%20cotyledons%20have%20not%20been%20wounded.%20TI%20activity%20is%20also%20enhanced%20in%20the%20second%20true%20leaves%20on%20plants%20in%20which%20the%20first%20true%20leaves%20have%20been%20wounded.%20The%20degree%20of%20systemic%20induction%20in%20second%20true%20leaves%20declines%20additively%20with%20plant%20age%2C%20but%20local%20induction%20in%20the%20first%20true%20leaves%20is%20not%20affected%20by%20age.%20In%20B.%20napus%20cv.%20Gido%2C%20TI%20activity%20is%20constitutively%20present%20but%20is%20not%20locally%20wound-inducible%20in%20first%20true%20leaves%20of%20young%20plants%20exposed%20to%20the%20same%20wounding%20gradient%20as%20cv.%20Westar.%20In%20unwounded%20plants%20at%20the%20six-leaf%20stage%2C%20TI%20activity%20is%20higher%20in%20second%20true%20leaves%20than%20in%20fifth%20true%20leaves%2C%20indicating%20that%20TI%20activity%20is%20developmentally%20regulated%20in%20this%20cultivar.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%202000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1023%5C%2FA%3A1005540107957%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220098-0331%2C%201573-1561%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1023%5C%2FA%253A1005540107957%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WPWP4F4F%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Juenger%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJuenger%2C%20Thomas%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Evolution%20of%20Compensation%20to%20Herbivory%20in%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata%3A%20Herbivore-Imposed%20Natural%20Selection%20and%20the%20Quantitative%20Genetics%20of%20Tolerance.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEvolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2054%20%283%29%3A%20764%26%23x2013%3B777.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00078.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00078.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DWPWP4F4F%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Evolution%20of%20Compensation%20to%20Herbivory%20in%20Scarlet%20Gilia%2C%20Ipomopsis%20Aggregata%3A%20Herbivore-Imposed%20Natural%20Selection%20and%20the%20Quantitative%20Genetics%20of%20Tolerance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%5Cu2014%20Tolerance%20is%20the%20ability%20of%20plants%20to%20maintain%20fitness%20after%20experiencing%20herbivore%20damage.%20We%20investigated%20scarlet%20gilia%20tolerance%20to%20browsing%20in%20the%20framework%20of%20phenotypic%20plasticity%20using%20both%20an%20operational%20and%20candidate%20trait%20approach.%20Individuals%20from%20full-sib%20families%20were%20split%20into%20an%20artificial%20clipping%20treatment%2C%20a%20natural-damage%20treatment%2C%20or%20left%20as%20controls.%20We%20tested%20for%20genetic%20variation%20in%20tolerance%20by%20evaluating%20family%20X%20herbivory%20treatment%20interactions%20on%20fitness%20in%20a%20mixed%20model%20analysis%20of%20variance.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20used%20selection%20analyses%20to%20assess%20the%20function%20of%20flowering%20phenology%20and%20compensatory%20regrowth%20%28via%20branch%20production%29%20as%20candidate%20tolerance%20traits.%20We%20found%20a%20strong%20detrimental%20fitness%20effect%20of%20browsing%20and%20considerable%20variation%20among%20sire%20half-sib%20families%20in%20levels%20of%20tolerance%20%2825%25%20to%2063%25%20of%20the%20fitness%20of%20controls%29.%20There%20was%20no%20evidence%20of%20overcompensation%20at%20either%20the%20population%20or%20family%20level%20and%20no%20additive%20genetic%20variation%20in%20operationally%20defined%20tolerance.%20Phenotypic%20selection%20analyses%20provide%20evidence%20that%20early%20flowering%20and%20compensatory%20regrowth%20function%20as%20tolerance%20characters.%20We%20found%20strong%20linear%20and%20correlational%20selection%20for%20early%20flowering%20and%20increased%20branch%20production%20for%20damaged%20plants%20and%20linear%20selection%20for%20apical%20dominance%20%28reduced%20branchiness%29%20and%20early%20flowering%20in%20control%20plants.%20Moreover%2C%20reduced%20phenological%20delay%20and%20increased%20plasticity%20in%20branch%20production%20were%20correlated%20with%20tolerance.%20We%20detected%20significant%20additive%20genetic%20variation%20in%20flowering%20phenology%20in%20both%20treatments%20and%20a%20positive%20genetic%20correlation%20between%20the%20phenology%20of%20control%20and%20damaged%20plants.%20We%20found%20significant%20additive%20genetic%20variation%20in%20branch%20production%20in%20undamaged%20and%20naturally%20damaged%20plants%2C%20but%20not%20in%20clipped%20plants.%20Damaged%20plants%20exhibited%20marginally%20significant%20additive%20genetic%20variance%20in%20fitness%2C%20although%20its%20heritability%20was%20very%20low%20%28%5Cu223c%203.6%25%29.%20We%20failed%20to%20find%20additive%20genetic%20variation%20in%20the%20fitness%20of%20control%20plants.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20tolerance%20traits%20are%20under%20herbivore-imposed%20natural%20selection%20in%20this%20population%2C%20but%20that%20responses%20to%20selection%20are%20limited%20by%20available%20genetic%20variation%20and%20selective%20constraints.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%202000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00078.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221558-5646%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00078.x%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227ZUHHBF6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shonle%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EShonle%2C%20I.%2C%20and%20J.%20Bergelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BEvolutionary%20Ecology%20of%20the%20Tropane%20Alkaloids%20of%20Datura%20Stramonium%20L.%20%28Solanaceae%29.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EEvolution%3B%20International%20Journal%20of%20Organic%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2054%20%283%29%3A%20778%26%23x2013%3B788.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2FDOI%3A%2010.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00079.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2FDOI%3A%2010.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00079.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D7ZUHHBF6%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evolutionary%20ecology%20of%20the%20tropane%20alkaloids%20of%20Datura%20stramonium%20L.%20%28Solanaceae%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shonle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20insect%20herbivory%20is%20frequently%20assumed%20to%20be%20responsible%20for%20the%20maintenance%20of%20plant%20secondary%20metabolites%20such%20as%20alkaloids%2C%20the%20assumption%20is%20controversial%20and%20experimental%20evidence%20for%20this%20assumption%20is%20sparse.%20We%20examined%20natural%20selection%20on%20the%20two%20major%20alkaloids%20present%20in%20the%20leaves%20of%20Datura%20stramonium%20and%20found%20that%20both%20alkaloids%20came%20under%20active%20selection.%20We%20found%20negative%20directional%20selection%20for%20scopolamine%20%28natural%20selection%20acting%20to%20reduce%20scopolamine%20levels%29%20and%20stabilizing%20selection%20for%20hyoscyamine%20%28natural%20selection%20acting%20to%20maintain%20an%20intermediate%20level%20of%20hyoscyamine%29.%20We%20also%20present%20evidence%20that%20insect%20herbivores%20act%20as%20the%20agents%20of%20selection%20on%20these%20alkaloids.%20Finally%2C%20we%20show%20that%20there%20were%20no%20trade-offs%20in%20resistance%20to%20different%20species%20of%20insects.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%202000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22DOI%3A%2010.1111%5C%2Fj.0014-3820.2000.tb00079.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220014-3820%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T17%3A18%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22A5FHXB5N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Winterer%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWinterer%2C%20Juliette%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BDiamondback%20Moth%20Compensatory%20Consumption%20of%20Protease%20Inhibitor-Transformed%20Plants.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EMolecular%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2010%20%284%29%3A%201069%26%23x2013%3B1074.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-294X.2001.01239.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-294X.2001.01239.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DA5FHXB5N%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Diamondback%20moth%20compensatory%20consumption%20of%20protease%20inhibitor-transformed%20plants%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliette%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winterer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Prior%20study%20of%20the%20effect%20of%20protease%20inhibitors%20%28PIs%29%20on%20diamondback%20moths%20suggests%20that%20moths%20are%20resistant%20to%20them%2C%20so%20PIs%20represent%20an%20ineffective%20defence%20against%20moths.%20However%2C%20our%20data%20suggest%20that%20diamondback%20moths%20do%20suffer%20lower%20growth%20rates%20when%20they%20consume%20plants%20transformed%20with%20potato%20protease%20inhibitor%20%28PI2%29%2C%20but%20that%20effect%20is%20hidden%20by%20compensatory%20consumption.%20Plants%2C%20instead%20of%20gaining%20an%20advantage%20by%20lowering%20the%20insect%20growth%20rate%2C%20suffer%20a%20disadvantage%20as%20moths%20consume%20more%20tissue%20to%20mitigate%20the%20effect.%20Furthermore%2C%20PI2%2C%20when%20used%20in%20conjunction%20with%20another%20transgenic%20pesticidal%20protein%2C%20Bt%20%28from%20Bacillus%20thuringiensis%29%20counteracts%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20Bt%20at%20protecting%20plant%20tissue.%20Thus%2C%20transgenic%20PIs%20are%20not%20only%20less%20effective%20than%20previously%20thought%20in%20protecting%20Brassica%20plants%20from%20diamondback%20moths%2C%20they%20may%20actually%20lead%20to%20increased%20plant%20damage%20by%20the%20moths.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-294X.2001.01239.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221365-294X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-294X.2001.01239.x%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22H7P5JKUK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bergelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBergelson%2C%20J%2C%20G%20Dwyer%2C%20and%20J%20J%20Emerson.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BModels%20and%20Data%20on%20Plant-Enemy%20Coevolution.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAnnual%20Review%20of%20Genetics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2035%3A%20469%26%23x2013%3B99.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev.genet.35.102401.090954%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev.genet.35.102401.090954%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DH7P5JKUK%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Models%20and%20data%20on%20plant-enemy%20coevolution.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dwyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Emerson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20coevolution%20is%20complicated%2C%20in%20that%20the%20interacting%20species%20evolve%20in%20response%20to%20each%20other%2C%20such%20evolutionary%20dynamics%20are%20amenable%20to%20mathematical%20modeling.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20briefly%20review%20models%20and%20data%20on%20coevolution%20between%20plants%20and%20the%20pathogens%20and%20herbivores%20that%20attack%20them.%20We%20focus%20on%20%5C%22arms%20races%2C%5C%22%20in%20which%20trait%20values%20in%20the%20plant%20and%20its%20enemies%20escalate%20to%20more%20and%20more%20extreme%20values.%20Untested%20key%20assumptions%20in%20many%20of%20the%20models%20are%20the%20relationships%20between%20costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20resistance%20in%20the%20plant%20and%20the%20level%20of%20resistance%2C%20as%20well%20as%20how%20costs%20of%20virulence%20or%20detoxification%20ability%20in%20the%20enemy%20change%20with%20levels%20of%20these%20traits.%20A%20preliminary%20assessment%20of%20these%20assumptions%20finds%20only%20mixed%20support%20for%20the%20models.%20What%20is%20needed%20are%20models%20that%20are%20more%20closely%20tailored%20to%20particular%20plant-enemy%20interactions%2C%20as%20well%20as%20experiments%20that%20are%20expressly%20designed%20to%20test%20existing%20models.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev.genet.35.102401.090954%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4197%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fentrez%3FDb%3Dpubmed%26DbFrom%3Dpubmed%26Cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dpubmed_pubmed%26LinkReadableName%3DRelated%2520Articles%26IdsFromResult%3D11700291%26ordinalpos%3D3%26itool%3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T2754BTF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A3210145%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cipollini%20and%20Bergelson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECipollini%2C%20DonaldF.%2C%20and%20Joy%20Bergelson.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BPlant%20Density%20and%20Nutrient%20Availability%20Constrain%20Constitutive%20and%20Wound-Induced%20Expression%20of%20Trypsin%20Inhibitors%20in%20Brassica%20Napus.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Chemical%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2027%20%283%29%3A%20593%26%23x2013%3B610.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1023%5C%2FA%3A1010384805014%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1023%5C%2FA%3A1010384805014%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbergelsonlab.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D3210145%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DT2754BTF%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Plant%20Density%20and%20Nutrient%20Availability%20Constrain%20Constitutive%20and%20Wound-induced%20Expression%20of%20Trypsin%20Inhibitors%20in%20Brassica%20napus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22DonaldF.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cipollini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bergelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22March%202001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1023%5C%2FA%3A1010384805014%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220098-0331%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.doi.org%5C%2F10.1023%5C%2FA%253A1010384805014%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FIEFCNDF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-07-07T16%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Waage, Jonathan K., and Joy M. Bergelson. 1985. “Differential Use of Pin and Black Cherry by the Eastern Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma Americanum Fab. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae).” American Midland Naturalist 113 (1): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2425346. Cite
Bergelson, Joy M. 1985. “A Mechanistic Interpretation of Prey Selection by Anax Junius Larvae (Odonata: Aeschnidae).” Ecology 66 (6): 1699–1705. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937365. Cite
Bergelson, Joy M., John H. Willis, and Philip E. Robakiewicz. 1986. “Variance in Search Time: Do Groups Always Reduce Risk?” Animal Behaviour 34, Part 1 (February): 289–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(86)90036-9. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, Simon Fowler, and Susan Hartley. 1986. “The Effects of Foliage Damage on Casebearing Moth Larvae, Coleophora Serratella, Feeding on Birch.” Ecological Entomology 11 (3): 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1986.tb00300.x. Cite
Bergelson, J., and P. Kareiva. 1987. “Barriers to Movement and the Response of Herbivores to Alternative Cropping Patterns.” Oecologia 71 (3): 457–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378721. Cite
Bergelson, Joy M., and MJ Crawley. 1988. “Species Diversity and Mycorrhizal Associations.” Nature 334: 202. Cite
Bergelson, Joy M., and John H. Lawton. 1988. “Does Foliage Damage Influence Predation on the Insect Herbivores of Birch?” Ecology 69 (2): 434–445. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940442. Cite
Bergelson, Joy M., and MJ Crawley. 1989. “Can We Expect Mathematical Models to Guide Biological Control Programs?: A Comment Based on Case Studies of Weed Control.” Comments on Theoretical Biology 1: 197–213. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, and Renee Perry. 1989. “Interspecific Competition Between Seeds: Relative Planting Date and Density Affect Seedling Emergence.” Ecology 70 (6): 1639. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938097. Cite
Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. Bergelson. 1990. “Statistical Genetics of an Annual Plant, Impatiens Capensis. II. Natural Selection.” Genetics 124 (2): 416–421. Cite
Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. Bergelson. 1990. “Statistical Genetics of an Annual Plant, Impatiens Capensis. I. Genetic Basis of Quantitative Variation.” Genetics 124 (2): 407–415. http://www.genetics.org/content/124/2/407. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1990. “Life After Death: Site Pre-Emption by the Remains of Poa Annua.” Ecology 71 (6): 2157–2165. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938629. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1990. “Spatial Patterning in Plants: Opposing Effects of Herbivory and Competition.” Journal of Ecology 78 (4): 937–948. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260944. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1991. “Competition between Plants, before and after Death.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6 (12): 378–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90155-Q. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, and Michael J. Crawley. 1992. “Herbivory and Ipomopsis Aggregata: The Disadvantages of Being Eaten.” The American Naturalist 139 (4): 870–882. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2462626. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, and Michael J. Crawley. 1992. “The Effects of Grazers on the Performance of Individuals and Populations of Scarlet Gilia, Ipomopsis Aggregata.” Oecologia 90 (3): 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317703. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, Jonathan A. Newman, and Ernesto M. Floresroux. 1993. “Rates of Weed Spread in Spatially Heterogeneous Environments.” Ecology 74 (4): 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940470. Cite
Kitching, R. L., J. M. Bergelson, M. D. Lowman, S. Mcintyre, and G. Carruthers. 1993. “The Biodiversity of Arthropods from Australian Rainforest Canopies: General Introduction, Methods, Sites and Ordinal Results.” Australian Journal of Ecology 18 (2): 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00442.x. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1993. “Details of Local Dispersion Improve the Fit of Neighborhood Competition Models.” Oecologia 95 (2): 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00323504. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1994. “Changes in Fecundity Do Not Predict Invasiveness: A Model Study of Transgenic Plants.” Ecology 75 (1): 249–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939399. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1994. “The Effects of Genotype and the Environment on Costs of Resistance in Lettuce.” The American Naturalist 143 (2): 349–359. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2462647. Cite
Purrington, Colin B., and Joy Bergelson. 1995. “Assessing Weediness of Transgenic Crops: Industry Plays Plant Ecologist.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10 (8): 340–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89124-7. Cite
Thornley, J. H. M., J. Bergelson, and A. J. Parsons. 1995. “Complex Dynamics in a Carbon-Nitrogen Model of a Grass-Legume Pasture.” Annals of Botany 75 (1): 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7364(05)80012-5. Cite
Shonle, Irene, and Joy Bergelson. 1995. “Interplant Communication Revisited.” Ecology 76 (8): 2660–2663. https://doi.org/10.2307/2265837. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, and Colin B. Purrington. 1996. “Surveying Patterns in the Cost of Resistance in Plants.” The American Naturalist 148 (3): 536–558. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2463302. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, Thomas Juenger, and Michael J. Crawley. 1996. “Regrowth Following Herbivory in Ipomopsis Aggregata: Compensation but Not Overcompensation.” The American Naturalist 148 (4): 744–755. https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/s004420050732. Cite
Bergelson, Joy. 1996. “Competition between Two Weeds.” American Scientist 84 (6): 579–584. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29775787. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, Colin B. Purrington, Curtis J. Palm, and Juan-Carlos López-Gutiérrez. 1996. “Costs of Resistance: A Test Using Transgenic Arabidopsis Thaliana.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 263 (1377): 1659–1663. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0242. Cite
Kareiva, Peter, and Joy Bergelson. 1997. “The Nuances of Variability: Beyond Mean Square Error and Platitudes about Fluctuating Environments.” Ecology 78 (5): 1299–1300. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1299:TNOVBM]2.0.CO;2. Cite
Rees, Mark, and Joy Bergelson. 1997. “Asymmetric Light Competition and Founder Control in Plant Communities.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 184 (3): 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1996.0297. Cite
Purrington, C. B., and J. Bergelson. 1997. “Fitness Consequences of Genetically Engineered Herbicide and Antibiotic Resistance in Arabidopsis Thaliana.” Genetics 145 (3): 807–814. Cite
Newman, Jonathan A., Joy Bergelson, and Alan Grafen. 1997. “Blocking Factors and Hypothesis Tests in Ecology: Is Your Statistics Text Wrong?” Ecology 78 (5): 1312–1320. https://doi.org/10.2307/2266126. Cite
Juenger, Thomas, and Joy Bergelson. 1997. “Pollen and Resource Limitation of Compensation to Herbivory in Scarlet Gilia, Ipomopsis Aggregata.” Ecology 78 (6): 1684–1695. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1684:PARLOC]2.0.CO;2. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, Eli Stahl, Scott Dudek, and Martin Kreitman. 1998. “Genetic Variation Within and Among Populations of Arabidopsis Thaliana.” Genetics 148 (3): 1311–1323. http://www.genetics.org/content/148/3/1311. Cite
Kotanen, Peter M, Joy Bergelson, and Donald L Hazlett. 1998. “Habitats of Native and Exotic Plants in Colorado Shortgrass Steppe: A Comparative Approach.” Canadian Journal of Botany 76 (4): 664–672. https://doi.org/10.1139/b98-036. Cite
Bergelson, Joy, Colin B. Purrington, and Gale Wichmann. 1998. “Promiscuity in Transgenic Plants.” Nature 395 (6697): 25–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/25626. Cite
Juenger, Thomas, and Joy Bergelson. 1998. “Pairwise Versus Diffuse Natural Selection and the Multiple Herbivores of Scarlet Gilia, Ipomopsis Aggregata.” Evolution 52 (6): 1583–1592. https://doi.org/10.2307/2411332. Cite
Nordborg, Magnus, and Joy Bergelson. 1999. “The Effect of Seed and Rosette Cold Treatment on Germination and Flowering Time in Some Arabidopsis Thaliana (Brassicaceae) Ecotypes.” American Journal of Botany 86 (4): 470–475. http://www.amjbot.org/content/86/4/470. Cite
Purrington, Colin B., and Joy Bergelson. 1999. “Exploring the Physiological Basis of Costs of Herbicide Resistance in Arabidopsis Thaliana.” The American Naturalist 154 (S1): S82–S91. https://doi.org/10.1086/303285. Cite
Stahl, Eli A., Greg Dwyer, Rodney Mauricio, Martin Kreitman, and Joy Bergelson. 1999. “Dynamics of Disease Resistance Polymorphism at the Rpm1 Locus of Arabidopsis.” Nature 400 (6745): 667–671. https://doi.org/10.1038/23260. Cite
Ewel, John, Dennis O’Dowd, Joy Bergelson, Curtis Daehler, Carla D’Antonio, Luis Diego Gómez, Doria Gordon, et al. 1999. “Deliberate Introductions of Species: Research Needs.” Svata M. Louda Publications, August. https://doi.org/doi: 10.2307/1313438. Cite
Juenger, Thomas, and Joy M. Bergelson. 2000. “Does Early Season Browsing Influence the Effect of Self-Pollination in Scarlet Gilia?” Ecology 81 (1). https://doi.org/10.2307/177132. Cite
Kotanen, P. M., and J. Bergelson. 2000. “Effects of Simulated Grazing on Different Genotypes of Bouteloua Gracilis: How Important Is Morphology?” Oecologia 123 (1): 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050990. Cite
Juenger, T., and J. Bergelson. 2000. “Factors Limiting Rosette Recruitment in Scarlet Gilia, Ipomopsis Aggregata: Seed and Disturbance Limitation.” Oecologia 123 (3): 358–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420051022. Cite
Cipollini, Donald F., and Joy Bergelson. 2000. “Environmental and Developmental Regulation of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Brassica Napus.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 26 (6): 1411–1422. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005540107957. Cite
Juenger, Thomas, and Joy Bergelson. 2000. “The Evolution of Compensation to Herbivory in Scarlet Gilia, Ipomopsis Aggregata: Herbivore-Imposed Natural Selection and the Quantitative Genetics of Tolerance.” Evolution 54 (3): 764–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00078.x. Cite
Shonle, I., and J. Bergelson. 2000. “Evolutionary Ecology of the Tropane Alkaloids of Datura Stramonium L. (Solanaceae).” Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 54 (3): 778–788. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00079.x. Cite
Winterer, Juliette, and Joy Bergelson. 2001. “Diamondback Moth Compensatory Consumption of Protease Inhibitor-Transformed Plants.” Molecular Ecology 10 (4): 1069–1074. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01239.x. Cite
Bergelson, J, G Dwyer, and J J Emerson. 2001. “Models and Data on Plant-Enemy Coevolution.” Annual Review of Genetics 35: 469–99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090954. Cite
Cipollini, DonaldF., and Joy Bergelson. 2001. “Plant Density and Nutrient Availability Constrain Constitutive and Wound-Induced Expression of Trypsin Inhibitors in Brassica Napus.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 27 (3): 593–610. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010384805014. Cite